Summary
holding that the Ninth Circuit improperly granted habeas relief because there exists no clearly established right under federal law to access a law library while in jail
Summary of this case from Garrus v. Secretary of the Pa. Dep't of Corr.Opinion
No. 04-1538.
Decided October 31, 2005.
Respondent, a pro se criminal defendant, received no law library access while in jail before trial and only about four hours of access during trial. The California courts rejected his claim that such restricted access violated the Sixth Amendment. The Federal District Court subsequently denied him habeas relief, but the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that his lack of pretrial access to law books violated his constitutional right to self-representation as established in Faretta v. California, 422 U. S. 806.
Held: The Ninth Circuit erred in holding, based on Faretta, that a violation of a law library access right is a basis for federal habeas relief. A necessary condition for such relief is that the state-court decision be "contrary to, or involv[e] an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by" this Court. 28 U. S. C. § 2254(d)(1). While Faretta establishes a Sixth Amendment right to self-representation, it does not "clearly establis[h]" a law library access right.
Certiorari granted; 113 Fed. Appx. 802, reversed and remanded.
Respondent Garcia Espitia, a criminal defendant who chose to proceed pro se, was convicted in California state court of carjacking and other offenses. He had received no law library access while in jail before trial — despite his repeated requests and court orders to the contrary — and only about four hours of access during trial, just before closing arguments. (Of course, he had declined, as was his right, to be represented by a lawyer with unlimited access to legal materials.) The California courts rejected his argument that his restricted library access violated his Sixth Amendment rights. Once his sentence became final, he petitioned in Federal District Court for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U. S. C. § 2254. The District Court denied relief, but the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that "the lack of any pretrial access to lawbooks violated Espitia's constitutional right to represent himself as established by the Supreme Court in Faretta [v. California, 422 U. S. 806 (1975)]." Garcia Espitia v. Ortiz, 113 Fed. Appx. 802, 804 (2004). The warden's petition for certiorari and respondent's motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis are granted, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded.
A necessary condition for federal habeas relief here is that the state court's decision be "contrary to, or involv[e] an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." § 2254(d)(1). Neither the opinion below, nor any of the appellate cases it relies on, identifies a source in our case law for the law library access right other than Faretta. See 113 Fed. Appx., at 804 (relying on Bribiesca v. Galaza, 215 F. 3d 1015, 1020 (CA9 2000) (quoting Milton v. Morris, 767 F. 2d 1443, 1446 (CA9 1985))); ibid. (" Faretta controls this case").
The federal appellate courts have split on whether Faretta, which establishes a Sixth Amendment right to self-representation, implies a right of the pro se defendant to have access to a law library. Compare Milton, supra, with United States v. Smith, 907 F. 2d 42, 45 (CA6 1990) ("[B]y knowingly and intelligently waiving his right to counsel, the appellant also relinquished his access to a law library"); United States ex rel. George v. Lane, 718 F. 2d 226, 231 (CA7 1983) (similar). That question cannot be resolved here, however, as it is clear that Faretta does not, as § 2254(d)(1) requires, "clearly establis[h]" the law library access right. In fact, Faretta says nothing about any specific legal aid that the State owes a pro se criminal defendant. The Bribiesca court and the court below therefore erred in holding, based on Faretta, that a violation of a law library access right is a basis for federal habeas relief.
The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.