OPINION OF THE COURT BY POLLACK, J.

Theodorico Erum, Jr., petitioner, pro se

Lisa Strandtman, Jason M. Tani, Shawn M. Nakoa, Honolulu, for respondent

McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ., WITH NAKAYAMA, J., DISSENTING, WITH WHOM RECKTENWALD, C.J., JOINS

OPINION OF THE COURT BY POLLACK, J.

This appeal challenges the granting by the circuit court of a defendant's ex parte oral motion to dismiss a case with prejudice. The case involves a personal injury claim brought by a pro se litigant, who did not attend the pretrial conference at which the oral motion to dismiss was made and granted.

For the reasons discussed, we hold that the circuit court abused its discretion in granting the defendant's oral motion to dismiss with prejudice because the record does not provide a valid basis for the dismissal order, and the court failed to make the requisite findings of fact that would be required to support such an order in any event. We also reaffirm that motions must generally be made in writing with notice provided as required by our procedural rules unless the motion is made during a hearing or trial. And, we again note that Hawai‘i courts should liberally construe the filings of pro se litigants. Finally, because the Intermediate Court of Appeals relied upon monetary sanctions imposed by the circuit court upon the plaintiff in affirming the dismissal order, we review the sanction orders in light of applicable law.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Trial Court Proceedings

On July 10, 2013, Theodorico Erum, Jr., filed a Statement of Claim against Josue Bumatay Llego in the Small Claims Court of the Fifth Circuit (small claims court) in the amount of $2,650.00 for property damage to his vehicle from a July 12, 2012 automobile collision in Kapa‘a, Hawai‘i. In his Statement of Claim, Erum stated that, on the day of the accident, he was stopped at a traffic sign when the rear end of his Toyota pickup truck was struck by a Dodge taxi van driven by Llego. The small claims court entered final judgment in Erum's favor on August 6, 2013, and he was awarded $236.69 in damages, plus fees and mileage for a total amount of $311.69 (small claims court judgment).

On July 11, 2014, Erum, proceeding pro se, filed a complaint against Llego in the District Court of the Fifth Circuit (district court) alleging personal injuries and property damage arising out of the July 12, 2012 automobile accident. Llego, through an attorney, filed an answer on September 15, 2014, disputing liability and damages and making a demand for a jury trial, which resulted in the commitment of the case from the district court to the Circuit Court of the Fifth Circuit (circuit court).

On June 10, 2015, Erum moved for an extension of time to file his pretrial statement, which Erum indicated had been due on June 6, 2015. The court granted the motion, and the due date for Erum's pretrial statement was continued to December 6, 2015. Erum neglected to file a pretrial statement by that date, and on March 7, 2016, Llego filed a motion to dismiss the case for failure to prosecute. Erum filed his pretrial statement on March 16, 2016, and an opposition to Llego's motion to dismiss on March 21, 2016. In a declaration attached to his memorandum in opposition, Erum averred that his failure to submit his pretrial statement was due to his mistakenly placing the wrong date in his personal calendar as the due date, and that the error was brought to his attention by Llego's March 7 motion to dismiss.

In an order entered on May 13, 2016, the circuit court found that although Erum did not timely submit his pretrial statement, dismissal was "too harsh a sanction." However, the court stated that Erum's failure to timely file his pretrial statement "compelled Defendant to file the Motion." On that basis, the court ordered Erum to pay all attorneys’ fees and costs related to the motion, including the fees and costs related to drafting the order denying Llego's motion to dismiss and reducing the order to a judgment. The court did not cite the authority pursuant to which the sanction was awarded, nor did the court find that Erum had acted in bad faith by failing to file his pretrial statement. Based on a declaration filed by defense counsel, the court awarded Llego $3,007.79 in attorneys’ fees and $272.40 in costs.

On May 16, 2016, Erum filed a motion requesting that the circuit court schedule a status conference for the purpose of setting a trial date. The court entered an order granting Erum's motion and scheduled a trial setting status conference for June 21, 2016. At the status conference, Erum and Llego agreed to a jury trial with a duration of three to four days. On July 5, 2016, the court filed an order setting a pretrial conference on December 22, 2016, and scheduling trial for the week of January 17, 2017.

On July 11, 2016, Llego moved to dismiss with prejudice Erum's property damage claim, arguing that the judgment of the small claims court barred his property damage claim under the doctrine of res judicata. Llego also sought an award of attorneys’ fees and costs, alleging that Erum knew that his claim was frivolous and barred by res judicata, that defense counsel had informed Erum that it would seek sanctions if Erum refused to voluntarily dismiss his claim with prejudice, and that Erum had not so dismissed his claim.

Erum did not file an opposition to Llego's motion and instead, on July 27, 2016, Erum filed a Cross-Motion for Continuance of Hearing on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice Plaintiff's Property Damage Claim (cross-motion), stating that he was seeking vacatur of the small claims court judgment via writ of mandamus to this court, and that his claim would not be barred if the requested writ was issued. Erum filed a petition for writ of mandamus on August 5, 2016, and this court issued an order denying his petition on August 18, 2016. Erum v. Kobayashi, No. SCPW-16-0000550, 2016 WL 4398441 (Aug. 18, 2016). On December 2, 2016, the circuit court entered a written order granting Llego's motion to dismiss the property damage claim and awarded Llego $2,801.54 in fees and $288.00 in costs associated with the motion to dismiss. In the order, the court found that Erum's cross-motion was untimely filed and that Llego had afforded Erum an opportunity to withdraw his claim with prejudice and Erum had not done so. The order did not include findings that Erum's cross-motion or mandamus petition were frivolous or made in bad faith, nor did it cite the authority pursuant to which the sanctions were granted.

On December 8, 2016, Llego filed a motion to enforce settlement, or in the alternative, continue the trial (motion to enforce settlement). Llego also requested that the court award fees and costs incurred by defense counsel in conducting settlement negotiations and in making the motion to enforce settlement. In a declaration attached to his motion, Llego contended that the parties had reached a final settlement on November 9, 2016, but Erum had intentionally delayed execution of the settlement documents in bad faith. Llego maintained that the parties had agreed that Llego would pay Erum $16,000.00 in general damages, Llego would not pursue collection of any sanctions against Erum, Erum would sign a standard release and indemnity agreement and stipulation for dismissal with prejudice, and Erum would be responsible for any and all medical bills related to the automobile accident.

In the motion to enforce settlement, Llego stated that on November 9, 2016, defense counsel wrote a confirmatory letter to Erum setting forth the material terms of the settlement as outlined above, and a week later, he mailed settlement agreement documents to Erum. Llego further stated that Erum contacted defense counsel on November 29, 2016, to advise Llego that he would not execute the documents as drafted because the agreement document released a party designated as "J's Taxi" whom Erum did not agree to release. According to Llego, Erum said that he would not release J's Taxi unless Erum received additional money in the settlement. Llego indicated that he obtained authority from the insurance carrier to remove J's Taxi from the agreement and so informed Erum, but Erum advised defense counsel that he would be visiting the doctor and might require future treatment, in which case Erum would want an additional amount to settle his case against Llego. Defense counsel stated that he continued to contact Erum to resolve the matter but that as of December 5, 2016, the parties had not reached agreement in the case.

On December 12, 2016, Erum filed an opposition to Llego's motion to enforce settlement in which he disputed Llego's contention that a final settlement had been reached and stated that the terms of the agreement as drafted by Llego's counsel were not, and had never been, acceptable to him. In his opposition, Erum maintained that during settlement negotiations he had informed defense counsel that he would not settle unless Llego agreed to pay for future medical treatment of his injuries arising from the automobile accident and to vacate the order and final judgment awarding Llego attorneys’ fees and costs. Erum further asserted that he had contacted defense counsel on November 29, 2016, to inform counsel that the documents as drafted were not acceptable because he had not agreed to release J's Taxi, the agreement did not provide for the vacatur of the sanction award, and the agreement did not provide for the payment of Erum's future medical expenses by Llego.

At a hearing held on December 13, 2016, the circuit court denied Llego's motion to enforce the settlement and granted the alternative motion to continue trial. A written order granting Llego's motion to continue was entered on January 27, 2017, in which the court stated that "[Defense counsel]’s actions in the settlement negotiations with Plaintiff were made in good faith. The Court further finds that Plaintiff's actions in the settlement negotiations were not made in good faith." On that basis, the court awarded sanctions against Erum for Llego's attorneys’ fees and costs associated with the unsuccessful settlement negotiations. The court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing regarding the settlement negotiations or make any findings of fact in the order that set forth the basis for its determination that Erum negotiated in bad faith or that supported the granting of monetary sanctions. The court also did not cite the authority pursuant to which the sanction was awarded. Erum filed an opposition to the proposed award of attorneys’ fees, maintaining that he had not negotiated in bad faith. On February 15, 2017, the court entered an order awarding Llego $4,577.04 in sanctions against Erum for the fees and costs incurred by Llego's counsel related to the unsuccessful settlement negotiation.

The court on January 6, 2017, filed an amended order setting the trial date for April 3, 2017, and providing dates for the submission of pretrial documents. Erum did not submit the pretrial documents by the applicable deadlines and instead, on February 27, 2017, filed a motion for continuance of trial. In a declaration attached to his motion, Erum stated that Llego had extended a settlement offer to him on February 15, 2017, that he had responded with a counteroffer on February 25, 2017, and that a settlement conference with the court was scheduled for March 24, 2017. In the event a settlement was reached, Erum stated, trial would no longer be required. Additionally, Erum stated that if the settlement negotiations failed, he intended to retain a personal injury attorney to represent him at trial. The requested continuance, Erum stated, would enable such counsel to prepare for trial and submit the requisite pretrial documents in compliance with the various deadlines.

On March 3, 2017, Llego filed a motion to dismiss or in the alternative to exclude all of Erum's pretrial documents that were not filed by the deadlines set out in the amended order. In his motion, Llego argued that the fact that the parties were engaged in settlement negotiations did not excuse Erum from submitting his pretrial documents by the applicable deadlines. Two weeks later, Llego filed an opposition to Erum's motion to continue, in which he incorporated by reference his motion to dismiss or in the alternative to exclude Erum's pretrial documents. Erum filed an opposition to Llego's motion to dismiss on March 22, 2017, stating that he expected that the continuance of trial would also extend the due date for pretrial documents and further that dismissal with prejudice was unwarranted because there was no showing of deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or prejudice to Llego.

At the hearing on Llego's motion to dismiss, held on April 18, 2017, at 1:00 p.m., the court denied Llego's motion to dismiss or in the alternative to exclude Erum's pretrial documents. The court continued the trial to September 18, 2017, and orally informed the parties that the pretrial conference would take place on August 24, 2017. In a written order entered on May 19, 2017, the court stated that it had reviewed the pleadings and heard oral argument and was denying Llego's motion on that basis. The court nevertheless awarded Llego fees and costs related to his motion to dismiss.

A settlement conference was scheduled on the same day as the hearing on Llego's motion to dismiss, April 18, 2017, at 4:00 p.m. Although Erum appeared at the hearing held at 1:00 p.m., when he did not appear at the settlement conference later that afternoon, Llego orally moved to dismiss the case for failure to prosecute. The court stated that it would not grant an oral motion but would allow Llego to file a written motion.

On May 11, 2017, Llego filed a motion to dismiss the case with prejudice, asserting that Erum's failure to appear at the settlement conference was a deliberate, contumacious delay that prejudiced him because it cost him and his counsel significant time and resources. Erum filed a memorandum in opposition to the motion on May 24, 2017. In a declaration attached to his memorandum in opposition, Erum averred that on April 18, 2017, at about 3:00 p.m., shortly before the settlement conference was to be held, he suffered an onset of atrial fibrillation. Erum stated in his declaration that he is 84 years old and suffers from multiple illnesses, one of which is sporadic atrial fibrillation. Sporadic atrial fibrillation, Erum stated, can lead to a stroke, heart attack, or heart failure unless treated. Because his attention was solely directed to treating his illness, he inadvertently failed to attend the settlement conference on April 18, 2017, Erum explained.

A hearing was held on June 1, 2017, in which the court denied Llego's motion to dismiss but again awarded Llego fees and costs incurred in making the motion. In total, Llego received five awards of sanctions throughout the course of litigation (collectively, monetary sanction orders). The record contains judgments for the first three awards, the respective amounts of which were $3,280.19, $3,089.54, and $4,577.04 for a total of $10,946.77.

In imposing the sanctions with regard to the May 11, 2017 motion to dismiss, the court again did not cite the authority under which the sanction was made, nor did it find that Erum had acted in bad faith by failing to attend the settlement conference. At the hearing, Llego asked the court to order Erum to file his pretrial documents by a date certain to avoid prejudicing Llego, but Erum indicated that he did not intend to file any pretrial documents for strategic reasons. The court apparently did not consider Erum's decision not to file pretrial documents problematic or a rule violation.

On August 24, 2017, the day of the calendared pretrial conference, Erum did not appear. Llego made an oral motion to dismiss the case, although there was no in-court proceeding scheduled and Erum was not present. The court nonetheless granted Llego's oral motion to dismiss with prejudice, and trial in the case was taken off calendar. At the time the court dismissed the case, seven months and one week had elapsed from the original trial date. The trial date had been continued twice: once at the request of Llego because settlement negotiations had broken down; and the second time at the request of Erum because the parties had re-entered settlement negotiations and a settlement conference was scheduled with the court. On September 13, 2017, Erum, apparently unaware that the court had already granted Llego's oral motion to dismiss, submitted an "Emergency Ex Parte Motion to Reschedule Trial" (emergency motion) and moved for the trial to be continued and rescheduled

so as to allow sufficient time for the Court to consider the Defendant's apparent request for dismissal of this action, which should be made by the Defendant by written motion, as well as to allow sufficient time for Plaintiff to respond to such motion.

On September 15, 2017, the court issued an Order Granting Llego's Oral Motion for Dismissal with Prejudice (Dismissal Order). The Dismissal Order indicated that Erum was not present at the pretrial conference on August 24, 2017, which he had been orally instructed to attend by the court at the hearing on April 18, 2017. The Dismissal Order also noted that the motion to dismiss was brought pursuant to Hawai‘i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rules 16 and 37, but it did not state the rule(s) on which the oral motion to dismiss was granted. The Dismissal Order instead stated that the court's decision was made after "review[ing] the pleadings, consider[ing] the entire case record, and hear[ing] oral argument." The same day, the court summarily stamped "Denied" on Erum's emergency motion.

On September 27, 2017, a Judgment Re: Order Granting Defendant Josue Bumatay Llego's Oral Motion for Dismissal with Prejudice (circuit court judgment) was filed, dismissing the case with prejudice pursuant to the oral motion to dismiss "heard on August 24, 2017." On October 10, 2017, Erum filed a Motion to Set Aside Judgment of Dismissal and to Reschedule Trial Without Further Pretrial Conferences (motion to set aside). In a declaration attached to his motion to set aside, Erum averred that he inadvertently did not attend the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference due to memory lapses and mental confusion associated with his age of 85 and the side effects of medications taken for his illnesses. Erum contended that there was "no evidence in the record or offered by Llego in his oral motion which shows that Erum's failure to attend that pretrial conference was contumacious conduct (willful resistance to authority) or was deliberately made by Erum to delay the prosecution of this case." Erum further stated that "it was erroneous for the trial court to enter such judgment of dismissal with prejudice without notice to Erum and without a written motion and a hearing." On October 27, 2017, Llego filed an opposition to Erum's motion. Also on October 27, 2017, Erum filed a Notice of Appeal, appealing from the circuit court judgment and the Dismissal Order. On December 5, 2017, the court denied Erum's motion to set aside, concluding that it lacked jurisdiction over the matter since Erum had filed a Notice of Appeal.

B. ICA Proceedings

In a Summary Disposition Order (SDO), the Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA) concluded that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in granting Llego's oral motion to dismiss. The ICA stated that, throughout the case, Erum "missed deadlines, refused to voluntarily dismiss the property damage claim ... was found not to have conducted settlement negotiations in good faith, failed and refused to submit pretrial documents ... and failed to attend court-ordered conferences." (Footnote omitted.) The ICA further noted that the circuit court had awarded monetary sanctions against Erum five times prior to dismissing the case and that Erum had offered no reason for his failure to attend the final pretrial conference on August 24, 2017. The ICA, citing Webb v. Harvey, 103 Hawai‘i 63, 79 P.3d 681 (App. 2003), concluded that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Erum's case based on the record.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

Sanctions imposed under statute, court rule, or the trial court's inherent powers are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Gap v. Puna Geothermal Venture, 106 Hawai‘i 325, 331, 104 P.3d 912, 918 (2004). The trial court abuses its discretion if it bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. Id.

When interpreting rules promulgated by the court, principles of statutory construction apply. Bank of Am., N.A. v. Reyes-Toledo, 143 Hawai‘i 249, 257, 428 P.3d 761, 769 (2018) (quoting Ranger Ins. Co. v. Hinshaw, 103 Hawai‘i 26, 30, 79 P.3d 119, 123 (2003) ). Interpretation of a statute is a question of law which we review de novo. Id.

III. DISCUSSION

A. HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) Requires that All Motions Be Made in Writing Properly Served on the Opposing Party Unless the Motion Is Made During a Hearing or Trial.

HRCP Rule 7(b) (2000) governs the manner in which motions must be made before the trial court. HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) requires that all motions be made in writing unless the motion is made during a hearing or trial. See also Cooke Tr. Co. v. Chinn Ho, 43 Haw. 243, 245 (Haw. Terr. 1959) (per curiam) (granting a motion to dismiss an appeal for non-compliance with HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) because the oral motion seeking allowance of an interlocutory appeal was not made during a hearing or trial).

Llego made an oral motion to dismiss the complaint during a pretrial conference where he was the only party present. HRCP Rule 16(c) (2000) sets out the subjects for consideration at a pretrial conference. Of the sixteen enumerated subjects, the only one concerning motions is HRCP Rule 16(c)(11), which states that "consideration may be given ... [to] the disposition of pending motions[.]" (Emphasis added.) No motions were pending in this case when the pretrial conference began. As such, the pretrial conference was not a "hearing" for the purposes of satisfying HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) ’s requirement that motions be made in writing unless made during a hearing or trial.

The writing requirement of HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) was addressed in Benezet v. Nowell, 42 Haw. 581 (Haw. Terr. 1958). In that case, the plaintiff made an oral motion, in open court, to reopen a case for the introduction of additional evidence. Id. at 582. After hearing arguments from both parties, the trial court granted the motion. Id. On appeal, the Benezet court affirmed the trial court's granting of the motion, stating that although the motion was not made in writing, it was made in open court at a hearing at which opposing counsel was present. Id. at 584. Since the defendant received notice of the hearing, appeared at the hearing, and made oral argument on the motion, the court stated, the purposes of the writing requirement were satisfied. Id.

Unlike the defendant in Benezet, Erum was not present at the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference when Llego moved to dismiss Erum's case. And because he was not present at the pretrial conference and no written motion was filed, Erum did not receive a pleading that "state[d] with particularity the grounds therefor, and ... set forth the relief or order sought" as required by HRCP Rule 7(b)(1).

Erum was also not given notice of the motion as specified by HRCP Rule 5(a) (2000), which requires service of motions. Instead, the court heard argument from Llego's counsel on the ex parte motion at the pretrial conference and summarily granted the motion with prejudice, contrary to the requirement that notice of the motion and its grounds be given to Erum before consideration of the motion. Erum argued to the circuit court that Llego's motion to dismiss should have been made in writing and in a manner that allowed Erum an opportunity to respond, which is precisely what is required by HRCP Rule 7(b)(1).

We note, however, that Erum's application for certiorari, which is only one page in length, does not include as a question presented the court's failure to comply with HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) and, in fact, does not contain a section setting forth questions presented; thus the application contravenes Hawai‘i Rules of Appellate Procedure (HRAP) Rule 40.1(d) (2017). A strict application of HRAP Rule 40.1(d) would require that Erum's application for writ of certiorari be disregarded unless plain error was to be invoked. But such an application of the rule would contravene a fundamental tenet of our law: "pleadings prepared by pro se litigants should be interpreted liberally." Waltrip v. TS Enters., Inc., 140 Hawai‘i 226, 239, 398 P.3d 815, 828 (2016) (brackets omitted) (quoting Dupree v. Hiraga, 121 Hawai‘i 297, 314, 219 P.3d 1084, 1101 (2009) ). Underlying this principle of law is "the promotion of equal access to justice--a pro se litigant should not be prevented from proceeding on a pleading or letter to an agency if a reasonable, liberal construction of the document would permit him or her to do so." Id. (citing, inter alia, Eldridge v. Block, 832 F.2d 1132, 1137 (9th Cir. 1987) ("The Supreme Court has instructed the federal courts to liberally construe the ‘inartful pleading’ of pro se litigants") (citing Boag v. MacDougall, 454 U.S. 364, 102 S.Ct. 700, 70 L.Ed.2d 551 (1982) (per curiam))).

Liberal interpretation of a pro se litigant's application for writ of certiorari is consistent with this court's and the ICA's holdings that a pro se litigant's failure to state the alleged errors of the lower court in precise compliance with HRAP Rule 28(b) (2016) will not foreclose consideration of the appeal, so long as the litigant's argument can reasonably be discerned. Housing Fin. & Dev. Corp. v. Ferguson, 91 Hawai‘i 81, 85-86, 979 P.2d 1107, 1111-12 (1999) (addressing an appeal on the merits despite the fact that the opening brief fell "woefully short" of the requirements of HRAP Rule 28(b) and did not state the points of error alleged or where in the record the errors occurred and contained a one-sentence statement of the case); In re Estate of Damon, 119 Hawai‘i 500, 503-04, 199 P.3d 89, 92-93 (2008) (addressing the merits of one of appellant's arguments despite the fact that the citation for the relevant point of error was located in the statement of the case); Wagner v. World Botanical Gardens, Inc., 126 Hawai‘i 190, 193, 268 P.3d 443, 446 (App. 2011) (addressing arguments raised on appeal by a pro se litigant "to the extent they can reasonably be discerned" although finding that the opening brief did not meet the requirements of HRAP Rule 28(b) in a variety of ways); see also Tautua v. BCI Coca-Cola Bottling Co., No. 30291, 279 P.3d 78, 2012 WL 2308162 (App. June 18, 2012) (SDO) (addressing points of error "to the extent that they can be discerned" because appellant had not included points of error in the opening brief). This approach is particularly appropriate when, despite failing to articulate points of error on appeal, "the remaining sections of the brief provide the necessary information to identify the party's argument" and "petitioner had raised the same argument before the trial court." Marvin v. Pflueger, 127 Hawai‘i 490, 496, 280 P.3d 88, 94 (2012).

This court additionally has long adhered to the policy of affording litigants the opportunity to be heard on the merits whenever possible. Morgan v. Planning Dep't, 104 Hawai‘i 173, 180-81, 86 P.3d 982, 989-90 (2004) (quoting O'Connor v. Diocese of Honolulu, 77 Hawai‘i 383, 386, 885 P.2d 361, 364 (1994) ). In view of this longstanding policy, we believe that pro se litigants should not automatically have their access to appellate review in this court foreclosed because of failure to conform to requirements of the procedural rules. See id. Indeed, we have instructed the lower courts to liberally interpret the filings of pro se litigants if possible, and this court is equally obligated to interpret applications for certiorari liberally in order to facilitate access to justice. Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 240, 398 P.3d at 829.

In the statement of the case of his application, Erum contends that when he mistakenly failed to attend a pretrial conference, "the circuit court granted an oral motion by Llego to dismiss the case with prejudice without a hearing which the circuit court granted." The argument paragraph is only four sentences and states that the dismissal was inconsistent with our holding in In re Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i 44, 252 P.3d 63 (2011), and this court's policy of having cases heard on the merits when possible. In addition to the statements in the application, Erum argued in his emergency motion that continuing the trial would allow the circuit court sufficient time to consider Llego's apparent request to dismiss the action, "which should be made by the Defendant by written motion, as well as to allow sufficient time for Plaintiff to respond to such motion." In his motion to set aside, Erum contended that there was "no evidence in the record or offered by Llego in his oral motion which shows that Erum's failure to attend that pretrial conference was contumacious conduct (willful resistance to authority) or was deliberately made by Erum to delay the prosecution of this case." Erum further stated that "it was erroneous for the trial court to enter such judgment of dismissal with prejudice without notice to Erum and without a written motion and a hearing." In his opening brief before the ICA, Erum simply identifies the court's granting of Llego's oral motion to dismiss with prejudice as the point of error on appeal.

Thus, liberally construing Erum's application for certiorari, we discern from it, as informed by the arguments Erum made before the trial court, that the following questions are presented (1) whether the granting of an oral motion to dismiss with prejudice, without a hearing, was a proper exercise of the court's discretion; and (2) whether the circuit court abused its discretion in dismissing the case with prejudice under our holding in Blaisdell.

Because of our disposition of the other issue Erum raises, it is unnecessary to further address the violation of HRCP Rule 7(b) in this case. Nevertheless, because of the importance of the requirements of HRCP Rule 7(b), we reaffirm that a motion must be made in writing and in compliance with other provisions of HRCP Rule 7(b) and relevant court rules, unless the motion is made at a hearing or trial. B. The Circuit Court Abused Its Discretion in Entering the Dismissal Order Without Making Any Findings of Deliberate Delay or Contumacious Conduct and Actual Prejudice and by Failing to Explain Why Lesser Sanctions Were Inadequate.

It is well established that the involuntary dismissal of a complaint with prejudice is such a severe sanction that it "should be ordered only in extreme circumstances." Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 (emphasis added); see also Shasteen, Inc. v. Hilton Hawaiian Vill. Joint Venture, 79 Hawai‘i 103, 107, 899 P.2d 386, 390 (1995) ("[D]ismissal of a complaint is such a severe sanction, that it should be used only in extreme circumstances where there is clear record of delay or contumacious conduct...." (quoting Lim v. Harvis Constr., Inc., 65 Haw. 71, 73, 647 P.2d 290, 292 (1982) )). As this court stated in Blaisdell, there are only two circumstances in which a trial court may, in its sound discretion, dismiss a claim with prejudice. 125 Hawai‘i at 49-50, 252 P.3d at 68-69. Dismissal with prejudice is not an abuse of discretion when a plaintiff's deliberate delay or contumacious conduct causes actual prejudice. Chen v. Mah, 146 Hawai‘i 157, 179–80, 457 P.3d 796, 818–19 (2020). Additionally, because the sanction of dismissal with prejudice is one of last resort, it may be invoked only when the actual prejudice cannot be addressed through lesser sanctions. Id. Therefore, we have stated that before dismissing a case with prejudice the trial court is to consider less severe sanctions and state why a lesser sanction "is insufficient to serve the interests of justice." Id. at 180 n.29, 457 P.3d at 819 n.29 (citing Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 50-51, 252 P.3d at 69-70 ).

Llego contends that the foregoing precedents do not apply to this case because the circuit court dismissed Erum's claim as a sanction under HRCP Rules 16(f) (2000) and 37(b)(2)(C) (2015), and Blaisdell involved a dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b) (2012). First, we note that the circuit court did not cite any rule as authority in its Dismissal Order. But even if it had referenced HRCP Rule 16(f), the preconditions for a valid dismissal set forth in Blaisdell result from the severity of the sanction of dismissal itself, not from the dismissal in that case being based on HRCP Rule 41(b). See Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 ("[T]he sanction of dismissal of a complaint with prejudice is one of last resort where lesser sanctions would not serve the interest of justice.... [And] an order of dismissal cannot be affirmed absent deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice." (citation and brackets omitted)). The Blaisdell court did not limit the standard it articulated to dismissals pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b) ; in fact this court has previously applied the Blaisdell standard to cases dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Rule 12 of the Rules of the Circuit Courts of the State of Hawai‘i (RCCH). See Bagalay v. Lahaina Restoration Found., 60 Haw. 125, 132, 588 P.2d 416, 421 (1978) (concluding that caselaw analyzing dismissals pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b) is applicable to a dismissal pursuant to RCCH Rule 12(f)); Phillips v. Brisebois, 72 Haw. 146, 148, 808 P.2d 370, 371 (1991) (per curiam) ("[RCCH] Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is subject to the same analysis as in Bagalay."). Additionally, by its own language, HRCP Rule 41(b)(1) authorizes a motion for involuntary dismissal based on failure to comply with any of the rules of civil procedure or a court order. See HRCP Rule 41(b)(1) ("For failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or to comply with these rules or any order of the court, a defendant may move for dismissal of an action or of any claim against it." (emphasis added)). The general authorization to dismiss a case under HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C) for a violation of provisions relating to pretrial conferences does not allow a court to bypass the requirements integrated into HRCP Rule 41(b) by Blaisdell and other precedent of this court, which are expressly applicable to a failure "to comply with these [HRCP] rules or any order of the court."

Further, limiting the application of the Blaisdell factors only to those dismissal orders entered under HRCP Rule 41(b) would produce an inconsistent application of our court rules. See Ryan v. Palmer, 130 Hawai‘i 321, 323, 310 P.3d 1022, 1024 (App. 2013) (finding that it was abuse of discretion to dismiss under RCCH Rule 12(q) absent deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice because allowing such dismissal would put RCCH Rule 12(q) and HRCP Rule 41(b) into conflict "by expanding the circuit court's authority beyond that which it possesses under HRCP Rule 41(b)"); see also Bagalay, 60 Haw. at 132, 588 P.2d at 421. Significantly, there are numerous other rules or statutes under which a circuit court may impose the sanction of dismissal with prejudice. See, e.g., Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 635-3 (2016) ; HRCP Rule 16(f), Rule 37(b)(2)(C), Rule 41(b) ; RCCH Rule 12(q) (2007), Rule 12.1(a)(6) (2000), Rule 28 (2007), Rule 29 (2007). The District Court Rules of Civil Procedure and the Hawai‘i Family Court Rules contain similar provisions. Applying different legal standards to similar conduct--based on different rules--when the rules impose the same sanction of dismissal with prejudice undermines the equitable application of the law, complicates appellate review, and produces outcomes that turn not on the merits but on the litigants’ skill in procedural navigation. Thus, our decisions interpreting HRCP Rule 41 and discussing involuntary dismissal pursuant to that rule are applicable to the involuntary dismissal in this case. 1. Deliberate Delay

Dismissal with prejudice does not constitute an abuse of discretion when a plaintiff's deliberate delay causes actual prejudice to a defendant that cannot be addressed through a lesser sanction. Chen, 146 Hawai‘i at 179–80, 457 P.3d at 818–19. The ICA considered the issue of a plaintiff's deliberate delay in Ryan. In Ryan, the circuit court, pursuant to RCCH 12(q), sua sponte dismissed the plaintiff's tort claim with prejudice on the basis that the plaintiff had not filed a pretrial statement within 8 months after the complaint was filed. Id. at 322, 310 P.3d at 1023. The plaintiff moved to set aside the order of dismissal, arguing that the failure to submit a pretrial statement within the allotted time was an inadvertent error. Id. The circuit court denied the plaintiff's motion, and the plaintiff appealed to the ICA. Id. On appeal, the ICA vacated the order of dismissal and the order denying the plaintiff's motion to set aside, holding that the circuit court had abused its discretion in dismissing the case with prejudice because the record did not show a deliberate attempt by the plaintiff to delay prosecution of the case or actions that constituted contumacious conduct, and the circuit court did not make findings to that effect. Id. at 324, 310 P.3d at 1025. Although the plaintiff had violated RCCH Rule 12(q) by failing to file a pretrial statement, the ICA noted that the plaintiff had prosecuted the case by actively engaging in discovery and had provided a declaration explaining that the failure to submit the pretrial statement was the result of an inadvertent miscommunication between plaintiff's counsel and co-counsel. Id.

Like the plaintiff in Ryan, Erum did not timely file a pretrial statement, and he was not present at a pretrial conference and a settlement conference that he was supposed to attend. Also like the plaintiff in Ryan, Erum filed declarations explaining that his conduct was not deliberate but inadvertent. Erum explained that his failure to timely submit his pretrial statement was the result of his mistakenly placing the wrong date in his personal calendar. In regard to his absence at the settlement conference held on April 18, 2017, Erum stated that he suffered an onset of atrial fibrillation that required him to drive home for treatment. It was on that same day that the court orally informed the parties that the pretrial conference would be held on August 24, 2017. Erum was not present on that date and the court granted Llego's oral motion to dismiss on that basis. In the declaration attached to his motion to set aside, Erum averred that his failure to attend the pretrial conference was not intentional, but instead it was due to his advanced age and memory loss caused by his medication. The veracity of Erum's declarations has not been challenged at any stage of these proceedings, and the only other procedural violation of ostensible significance on Erum's part was his strategic decision not to submit pretrial documents, which the court apparently did not consider to be a violation. In sum, the record does not show that Erum deliberately delayed the prosecution of his case, and the circuit court did not make any such finding.

Additionally, the record reflects that, other than his inadvertent procedural violations, Erum has prosecuted his case with reasonable diligence. Erum participated in discovery, filed motions and responded to motions filed by Llego, engaged in settlement negotiations, attended numerous hearings, moved to schedule trial, filed a pretrial statement, and monitored the court docket.

Therefore, upon "review[ing] the pleadings [and] consider[ing] the entire case record," which was the stated basis for both the circuit court's Dismissal Order and the ICA's SDO, the record does not demonstrate that Erum deliberately delayed prosecution of his case. The record thus does not support the circuit court's dismissal of Erum's case with prejudice on this basis or the ICA's affirmance.

2. Contumacious Conduct

In addition to deliberate delay, when a plaintiff's contumacious conduct results in actual prejudice that cannot be addressed by a lesser sanction, dismissal of an action with prejudice may be justified. Chen, 146 Hawai‘i at 179–80, 457 P.3d at 818–19. This court has defined contumacious conduct as "willfully stubborn and disobedient conduct." Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 50, 252 P.3d at 69 (brackets omitted) (quoting Shasteen, 79 Hawai‘i at 108, 899 P.2d at 391 ). Here, the only conceivable disobedience by Erum was his strategic decision not to submit pretrial documents, which the circuit court did not consider to be a rule violation. The other instances of noncompliance with court orders or rules of procedure were, as discussed above, the inadvertent product of Erum's advanced age, lapses in memory, and medical condition. Significantly, there are no findings of fact from the circuit court that Erum engaged in contumacious conduct and that the motion to dismiss was granted on that basis. See Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 50, 252 P.3d at 69 ("Without evidence that Blaisdell conducted himself in a willfully defiant manner, his actions did not amount to what this court considers ‘contumacious conduct.’ "); Ryan, 130 Hawai‘i at 324, 310 P.3d at 1025 (finding it was an abuse of discretion to dismiss the plaintiff's case with prejudice when the record did not show a deliberate attempt to delay or actions rising to the level of contumacious conduct, and the circuit court did not make any such finding). Rather, Erum's uncontested declarations show that he was making good faith efforts to participate in the proceedings, and the record does not show that he was willfully stubborn and disobedient such that his actions constituted contumacious conduct. Shasteen, 79 Hawai‘i at 108, 899 P.2d at 391 ("[T]here is no indication in the record that the Shasteen corporation's failure to secure substitute counsel, to attend the settlement conference with counsel, or to reschedule the conference constituted contumacious conduct...."). Thus, the circuit court's dismissal with prejudice of Erum's case cannot be supported on this basis as well.

3. Actual Prejudice

As stated, actual prejudice that cannot be addressed through a lesser sanction is also a necessary precondition to the sound dismissal of a complaint with prejudice. Chen, 146 Hawai‘i at 179-80, 457 P.3d at 818-19 ; see also Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68. If the party seeking dismissal demonstrates that the plaintiff has deliberately delayed prosecution of the case, that party is entitled to a presumption of prejudice that is rebuttable upon a showing that actual prejudice did not occur. Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68. Although it is unnecessary to consider whether Llego suffered actual prejudice in light of our conclusion that there was no deliberate delay or contumacious conduct in this case, we nevertheless address the instances of actual prejudice Llego asserted that he suffered in order to provide guidance as to the proper consideration of this component of the standard for involuntary dismissal of a complaint.

Actual prejudice in this context does not mean mere inconvenience, hardship, or expenditure imposed upon the defendant. Actual prejudice is "[d]amage or detriment to one's legal rights or claims." Prejudice, Black's Law Dictionary 1428 (11th ed. 2019). In Anderson v. Air West, Inc., discussed by this court in Blaisdell, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the federal district court's dismissal with prejudice of a plaintiff's claim for failure to prosecute pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) Rule 41(b) (1968). 542 F.2d 522, 523-34 (9th Cir. 1976). The district court in Anderson found that the plaintiff's failure to serve several of the named defendants until approximately one year after the complaint had been filed caused actual prejudice because the death of two of the defendants six months after process was served prevented them from contributing to the preparation of the defense. Id. at 525. "Prejudice is clear" the court stated, "because if service had been made promptly they would have been able to participate in the first 18 months of defense planning." Id.

This court discussed the actual prejudice necessary to support a dismissal with prejudice in Bagalay. In Bagalay, the circuit court, pursuant to RCCH Rule 12(f), dismissed the plaintiff's claim with prejudice because of the plaintiff's repeated failures to submit a proper statement of readiness. Id. at 137-38, 588 P.2d at 424-25. On appeal we reversed the court's dismissal, in part because the record did not indicate that the delay caused the defendants to suffer actual prejudice. Id. at 142, 588 P.2d at 427. Our decision explained that although delay generally has a detrimental effect on the preservation of evidence and the maintenance of communication with witnesses, all parties in the case were able to participate fully in the discovery proceedings and take depositions of potential witnesses. Id. at 138, 588 P.2d at 425. We further observed that there was no indication in the record that "circumstances have changed which have impaired appellees’ ability to adequately present their defense." Id. Accordingly, our precedent establishes that the actual prejudice a defendant must suffer is actual damage or detriment to the presentation of the defense.

In his motions to dismiss before the circuit court, Llego asserted that he suffered actual prejudice because the delays in this case caused both him and his counsel to expend additional time and resources. However, there were no findings or other evidence in the record indicating that any of the asserted additional costs imposed on Llego by the delays in this case affected Llego's ability to present his defense. The incurring of additional fees and costs that have no effect on the defendant's ability to present a defense is not legal prejudice and cannot alone support a finding of actual prejudice under Blaisdell. Thus, the record does not show that any of the delays in this case caused Llego to suffer actual prejudice, and there were no findings to that effect.

4. Inadequacy of Lesser Sanctions

In cases where a plaintiff's deliberate delay or contumacious conduct causes actual prejudice, the circuit court is also required to consider and explain why a lesser sanction than dismissal with prejudice could not adequately address the actual prejudice caused by the plaintiff's conduct. Chen, 146 Hawai‘i at 179-80, 457 P.3d at 818-19. In its Dismissal Order, the circuit court did not address the possibility of less severe sanctions or state any reasons why lesser sanctions could not address any prejudice Llego may have suffered. As an explanation for its ruling, the Dismissal Order only states that the court reviewed the pleadings, considered the entire case record, and heard oral argument. As stated, "[i]nvoluntary dismissals of a complaint with prejudice are not favored, and should be ordered only in extreme circumstances[.]" Blaisdell, 125 Hawai'i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68. The circuit court in this case should have expressly considered the lesser sanctions available to it and explained why the circumstances were so extreme that a lesser sanction could not adequately address any actual prejudice Llego suffered. Id. at 50-51, 252 P.3d at 69-70. Accordingly, the circuit court abused its discretion in granting Llego's oral motion to dismiss without a determination that Erum had engaged in deliberate delay or contumacious conduct that caused Llego actual prejudice, and the court erred by failing to explain the inadequacy of lesser sanctions. Consequently, the ICA erroneously affirmed the circuit court's Dismissal Order.

5. The Necessity of Making Relevant Findings

We next consider whether it is appropriate for the circuit court, as it did in this case, to dismiss a case with prejudice without making any underlying findings of fact as to deliberate delay or contumacious conduct, actual prejudice, and the inadequacy of lesser sanctions. While this court has stated that the record must clearly support an order of dismissal, we have not expressly required the making of relevant findings. See Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 ("If the record does not show the requisite facts, an order of dismissal cannot be affirmed...." (emphasis added)); see also Shasteen, 79 Hawai‘i at 107, 899 P.2d at 390 ("[D]ismissal of a complaint is such a severe sanction, that it should be used only in extreme circumstances where there is clear record of delay or contumacious conduct[.]").

However, with regard to a court's consideration of lesser sanctions prior to the dismissal of a case, this court has made the rendering of findings a near-requirement. In Blaisdell, we stated that, "the careful exercise of judicial discretion requires that a [trial] court consider less severe sanctions and explain, where not obvious, their inadequacy for promoting the interests of justice." 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 (emphasis added and omitted) (alteration in original) (quoting Schilling v. Walworth Cty. Park & Planning Comm'n, 805 F.2d 272, 275 (7th Cir. 1986) ). Requiring a court to consider and explain the inadequacy of lesser sanctions underscores this court's frequent admonition that dismissal with prejudice "is such a severe sanction that it should seldom be used." Id. And, in the rare situation when a dismissal may be appropriate, a trial court must first carefully consider lesser sanctions and explain why they are inadequate to address the circumstances of that case. See Enos v. Pac. Transfer & Warehouse, Inc., 79 Hawai‘i 452, 458, 903 P.2d 1273, 1279 (1995) ("[S]anctions are not to be assessed without full and fair consideration by the court." (quoting Simmerman v. Corino, 27 F.3d 58, 64 (3d Cir. 1994) )). This is because "a dismissal with prejudice is inconsistent with this court's ‘policy of affording litigants the opportunity to have their cases heard on the merits, where possible.’ " Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 51, 252 P.3d at 70.

It is noteworthy that when a court explains why lesser sanctions will be insufficient to address the plaintiff's errant conduct, it will necessarily entail describing the underlying conduct, the measures that were previously taken by the court to address the conduct, and the measures’ lack of success in remedying the situation. In other words, the required explanation is nearly the functional equivalent of requiring a court to make findings.

Additionally, this court has recommended that orders imposing sanctions in other contexts "set forth findings that describe, with reasonable specificity, the perceived misconduct (such as harassment or bad faith conduct), as well as the appropriate sanctioning authority (e.g., HRCP Rule 11 or the court's inherent power)." Bank of Hawaii v. Kunimoto, 91 Hawai‘i 372, 390, 984 P.2d 1198, 1216 (1999). When an order imposing sanctions does not follow this recommendation, the appellate court is compelled to review the entire record for an abuse of discretion. Fujimoto v. Au, 95 Hawai‘i 116, 153, 19 P.3d 699, 736 (2001). However, we have stated that specific findings must be made in cases when it is warranted. See, e.g., Tagupa v. VIPDesk, 135 Hawai‘i 468, 479, 353 P.3d 1010, 1021 (2015) (stating that prior to a statutory award of attorneys’ fees for a frivolous claim, the court must make a specific finding that all or a portion of the claims made by a party are frivolous); Fujimoto, 95 Hawai‘i at 153, 19 P.3d at 736 ("Absent a particularized finding of bad faith, the circuit court abused its discretion in sanctioning the plaintiffs."); Kunimoto, 91 Hawai‘i at 389, 984 P.2d at 1215 ("It is well settled that a court may not invoke its inherent powers to sanction an attorney without a specific finding of bad faith."); Kawamata Farms, Inc. v. United Agri Prods., 86 Hawai‘i 214, 258, 948 P.2d 1055, 1099 (1997) (affirming the circuit court's award of attorneys’ fees because the court issued findings describing defendant's discovery violations in detail).

We have also stated that specific findings that describe the perceived misconduct serve multiple important purposes. Enos, 79 Hawai‘i at 459, 903 P.2d at 1280. First, findings permit a more meaningful and efficient appellate review as to whether "the trial court exercised its discretion in a reasoned and principled fashion." Id. Second, findings assure the litigants, as well as the court, "that the decision was the product of thoughtful deliberation." Id. Finally, findings clearly identify and explain to the sanctioned person the conduct underlying the sanction.

The importance of these purposes is heightened in the context of a dismissal with prejudice because the sanction is so severe. It is thus particularly critical that the trial court's decision reflects informed and reasoned discretion, and that appellate review of such a dismissal be efficacious and meaningful. Fujimoto, 95 Hawai‘i at 153, 19 P.3d at 736 ("The circuit court's finding of a bad faith filing--as expressed in its oral ruling from the bench ... lacks specificity and, based on our review, lacks support in the record."). Further, we note that the current standard requiring the appellate court, in the absence of specific findings, to review the entire record for abuse of discretion and only requiring an explanation of the inadequacy of lesser sanctions when the inadequacy is "not obvious" impairs the efficacy of appellate review and is subject to varied application by the trial courts.

These considerations lead us to conclude that whenever a case is involuntarily dismissed with prejudice, the trial court must state essential findings on the record or make written findings as to deliberate delay or contumacious conduct and actual prejudice and explain why a lesser sanction than dismissal with prejudice is insufficient to serve the interests of justice. Accordingly, we hold that after the filing date of the judgment on appeal in this case, the circuit courts must enter findings setting forth the requisite facts underlying an involuntary dismissal of a case with prejudice based on procedural violations of court rules. Cf. State v. Hussein, 122 Hawai‘i 495, 510, 229 P.3d 313, 328 (2010) (holding that, after the filing date of the judgment, circuit courts must state on the record at the time of sentencing the reasons for imposing a consecutive sentence).

C. The Circuit Court Should Have Considered Erum's Emergency Motion to Reschedule Trial.

The Hawai‘i Rules of Civil Procedure "do not require technical exactness or draw refined inferences against the pleader; rather, they require a determined effort to understand what the pleader is attempting to set forth and to construe the pleading in his favor." Giuliani v. Chuck, 1 Haw. App. 379, 385-86, 620 P.2d 733, 737-38 (1980) ; see also Dupree v. Hiraga, 121 Hawai‘i 297, 314, 219 P.3d 1084, 1101 (2009) ("[P]leadings ... are to be construed liberally rather than technically."). This is particularly true when the court is dealing with pro se litigants, and it is well established that the pleadings of pro se litigants should be liberally interpreted in order to promote access to justice. Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 239-40, 398 P.3d at 828-30 (stating that courts and agencies have discretion to liberally construe and recharacterize the filings of pro se litigants in order to promote access to justice).

In furtherance of promoting access to justice, we have stated that "pro se filings, even when ‘misbranded,’ should be reasonably construed in a manner that ‘results in identifying a route to relief, not in rendering relief impossible.’ " Id. at 241, 398 P.3d at 830 (quoting Mata v. Lynch, 576 U.S. 143, 151, 135 S.Ct. 2150, 192 L.Ed.2d 225 (2015) ). Thus, a court abuses its discretion if it construes a filing by a pro se litigant in a manner that prevents the litigant from proceeding when a reasonable, liberal construction of the document would permit the litigant to do so. See id. at 239, 398 P.3d at 828.

In this case, after the court had granted Llego's oral motion to dismiss and taken the trial off calendar, Erum filed an emergency motion requesting a continuance so that the court would have time to consider Llego's motion to dismiss and Erum would have time to respond. In his emergency motion, which Erum apparently prepared after he became aware that Llego had "presented to the Court for its approval and signature a proposed order to dismiss this action," Erum contended that Llego's motion to dismiss should have been made in writing and that he should be allowed sufficient time to respond. Although the motion was framed as a motion to continue, the court should have made a determined effort to understand what Erum was attempting to set forth and to liberally construe the pleading in a manner that did not foreclose the possibility of relief. Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 241, 398 P.3d at 830. This obligation was underscored by the fact that the court's denial of Erum's emergency motion extinguished the possibility of recovery on Erum's claim. See Villaver v. Sylva, 145 Hawai‘i 29, 36, 445 P.3d 701, 708 (2019) (finding that a pro se litigant's request for an interpreter should have been interpreted liberally as a request to withdraw his admissions and file a late response, particularly since a more restrictive interpretation would have extinguished his only opportunity to recover on his negligence claim). Had the circuit court done so in this case, the court might have considered the merits of the emergency motion, which pointed to both procedural and substantive deficiencies underlying the granting of the dismissal motion. Instead, the court denied Erum's motion without a hearing and failed to construe Erum's emergency motion in a reasonable, liberal manner, which would have allowed reinstatement of the case and permitted Erum to proceed on his claim. Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 241, 398 P.3d at 830.

D. The Circuit Court Awarded Monetary Sanctions Without Citing the Authority Underlying the Sanctions or Making Findings of Bad Faith.

In affirming the Order of Dismissal in this case, the ICA pointed to the fact that the circuit court had "awarded monetary sanctions against Erum five times" prior to dismissing the case. By citing the monetary sanction orders, the ICA indicated that the Dismissal Order was justified at least in part because of the previous sanctions the circuit court had imposed on Erum. In light of the ICA's reliance on the monetary sanction orders as support for its affirmance, and the possibility of their future consideration on remand, it is appropriate to review our precedent in this area.

It is settled law that the trial courts of this state are empowered in appropriate circumstances to impose monetary sanctions on a party during the course of litigation. Kunimoto, 91 Hawai‘i at 387, 984 P.2d at 1213. Such sanctions may be imposed under the authority of either a statute, a rule, or the court's own inherent power. Id. The sanctioning order should set forth findings that describe the perceived misconduct with reasonable specificity, and it must state the sanctioning authority. Trs. of Estate of Bishop v. Au, 146 Hawai'i 272, 463 P.3d 929 (2020) ; Kaina v. Gellman, 119 Hawai‘i 324, 331, 197 P.3d 776, 783 (App. 2008) ("[T]he court's order must inform the party of the authority pursuant to which he or she is to be sanctioned." (citing Fujimoto, 95 Hawai‘i at 153, 19 P.3d at 736 )). When the sanction order does not state the authority pursuant to which the sanction is imposed, the appellate court's ability to review the sanction is hindered. This is because the appellate court is forced to speculate as to the authority for the monetary sanction and consider whether the sanction's imposition was proper under any potentially applicable rules or statutes, or even inherent authority, to determine whether the sanction should be affirmed. See Enos, 79 Hawai‘i at 457-60, 903 P.2d at 1278-81 (considering whether the circuit court's imposition of a sanction should be affirmed under its inherent authority after finding it was not proper under HRCP Rule 11, which was the stated basis); Wong v. Frank, 9 Haw. App. 249, 261, 833 P.2d 85, 93 (1992) (vacating and remanding sanction order where circuit court did not specify the authority for sanction after determining that regardless of whether the sanction was imposed under the circuit court rules or the court's inherent power, the sanction violated appellant's rights to notice and hearing).

In this case, the circuit court imposed five monetary sanctions against Erum for the costs and attorneys’ fees incurred by Llego at various points during the course of litigation. None of the sanction orders recited the legal authority for the imposition of the sanction. While a trial court has the inherent power to curb abuses and promote a fair process, including the power to impose sanctions in the form of attorneys’ fees for abusive litigation practices, the court must exercise its inherent power to impose sanctions "with restraint and discretion." Kunimoto, 91 Hawai‘i at 387, 984 P.2d at 1213. In recognition of the need for such restraint, this court requires a particularized showing of bad faith as a necessary condition precedent to any sanction of attorneys’ fees under the court's inherent powers. Id. at 389, 984 P.2d at 1215 ; Enos, 79 Hawai‘i at 458–59, 903 P.2d at 1279–80. Additionally, the finding of bad faith must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. Kunimoto, 91 Hawai‘i at 390-93, 984 P.2d at 1216-19 (applying clear and convincing evidence standard to imposition of sanctions based on finding of bad faith); LaPeter v. LaPeter, 144 Hawai‘i 295, 309, 439 P.3d 247, 261 (App. 2019) ("[T]he court's finding of bad faith must be based on clear and convincing evidence.").

Here, none of the sanction orders contain a finding that Erum acted in bad faith. The only reference to Erum's good or bad faith was the court's finding that Erum's "actions in the settlement negotiations were not made in good faith." Our cases, however, have consistently held that the circuit court must find bad faith before imposing an award of attorneys’ fees pursuant to the court's inherent authority. See, e.g., Gap v. Puna Geothermal Venture, 106 Hawai‘i 325, 334, 104 P.3d 912, 921 (2004). A lack of good faith is not tantamount to acting in bad faith, and the court's conclusory statement in this case is unsupported by any findings as to the basis of its conclusion. Cf. Kunimoto, 91 Hawai‘i at 390, 984 P.2d at 1216 ("[T]hese findings are sufficient to enable this court to infer a specific finding of bad faith by the circuit court."). In addition, there is no basis to conclude that this sanction is supported by clear and convincing evidence.

Further, none of the sanction orders make any findings related to the reasonableness of Llego's fees and costs. The record does not disclose whether the fees and costs awarded were reasonable under the circumstances. Manifestly, it would be inappropriate for the circuit court to award attorneys’ fees and costs that were unreasonably incurred under its inherent authority. Cf. HRCP Rule 16(f) (allowing the court to sanction a party for "the reasonable expenses incurred because of any noncompliance with this rule, including attorney's fees, unless the judge finds that the noncompliance was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust" (emphasis added)); RCCH Rule 12.1(a)(6)(ii) (permitting the court to order a party to pay the opposing party's reasonable expenses and attorneys’ fees). In determining reasonableness as to the assessment of fees, "Hawai‘i courts should consider the effect of sanctions upon a party's resources in conjunction with a decision to levy sanctions[.]" Kaina, 119 Hawai‘i at 332–33, 197 P.3d at 784–85. In Kaina, a wrongful death case, the trial court sanctioned the plaintiff for the defendants’ attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in defending a renewed motion for consolidation. Id. at 327-28, 197 P.3d at 779-80. As in this case, the sanction order did not state the authority under which the sanction was imposed. Id. at 328-29, 197 P.3d at 780-81. On appeal, the ICA reversed the sanction order after concluding that the record did not show that Kaina acted in bad faith in making the motion and that an imposition of sanctions against Kaina under HRCP Rule 11 would have been improper. Id. at 330-33, 197 P.3d at 782-85. Additionally, the ICA noted that the circuit court had given no consideration to the effect of the sanction on Kaina's resources. Id. at 332, 197 P.3d at 784. Kaina's uncontested declaration indicated that she was totally disabled, the sole provider for her own financial support, and lived on social security disability and a small pension. Id. The ICA stated that although a party's resources, or lack thereof, is not a complete bar to the award of sanctions when sanctions are warranted, the court should take into account the effect of sanctions upon a party's resources when considering the imposition of sanctions. Id. at 332-34, 197 P.3d at 784-85.

In this case, the record does not provide any indication that the circuit court considered Erum's resources or what effect the imposition of sanctions would have upon him if monetary sanctions were awarded. Although it is unclear from the record what facts were before the court as to Erum's resources at the time any of the sanctions were imposed, Erum was pro se throughout the proceedings, and at minimum the court was aware that Erum was involved in bankruptcy proceedings by March of 2017. In any event, at this time there is "other evidence pertinent to the issue" in the record, and the circuit court may properly consider Erum's resources on remand. Kaina, 119 Hawai‘i at 333, 197 P.3d at 776.

In light of our disposition vacating the Dismissal Order and remanding this case to the circuit court, and because the deficiencies in the record seriously impede our ability to review the sanctions awarded in this case, we vacate the monetary sanctions awarded against Erum. See Fuqua Homes, Inc. v. Beattie, 388 F.3d 618, 623 (8th Cir. 2004) (vacating and remanding the district court's sanctioning order because the court's failure to identify the sanctioning authority made it "impossible to review the district court's order"). On remand the circuit court may reconsider the sanctions awarded and, if warranted, enter appropriate sanction orders that comply with the requirements outlined in this opinion.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we vacate the ICA's Judgment on Appeal entered on June 28, 2019, the circuit court judgment, the Dismissal Order, and the monetary sanction orders. The case is remanded to the circuit court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

DISSENTING OPINION BY NAKAYAMA, J., IN WHICH RECKTENWALD, C.J., JOINS

On certiorari, the majority creates a new heightened standard for involuntary dismissals with prejudice by importing the standard that this court set forth in In re Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i 44, 49, 252 P.3d 63, 68 (2011), for an involuntary dismissal pursuant to Hawai‘i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule 41(b), then expanding and applying it to a dismissal with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C). Under this new heightened standard, the majority holds that a trial court abuses its discretion by involuntarily dismissing a claim with prejudice — pursuant to any rule — unless the "plaintiff's deliberate delay or contumacious conduct causes actual prejudice ... [and] the actual prejudice cannot be addressed through lesser sanctions." Majority at –––– – ––––, ––– P.3d at –––– – ––––. The majority also announces a new prospective rule that a trial court must make relevant findings of deliberate delay or contumacious conduct and actual prejudice, and explain why lesser sanctions are insufficient any time that the trial court enters an involuntary dismissal with prejudice based on procedural violations of court rules. Majority at ––––, ––– P.3d at ––––.

Pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), a trial court may sanction a party for failure to appear at a scheduling or pretrial conference by dismissing the action. This court has never required a showing of deliberate delay or contumacious conduct that causes actual prejudice to affirm an involuntary dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), nor do I believe that we should do so now.

Here, Petitioner/Plaintiff-Appellant Theodorico Erum, Jr. (Erum), a retired attorney who was proceeding pro se, missed numerous court filing deadlines and a scheduled settlement conference, for which he was sanctioned by the Circuit Court of the Fifth Circuit (circuit court) five times. Erum never paid any of those monetary sanctions and continued to engage in dilatory tactics throughout this litigation for more than three years. When Erum missed a scheduled pretrial conference four weeks before trial, Respondent/Defendant-Appellee Josue Bumatay Llego (Llego) orally moved to dismiss Erum's claim with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16 and 37. The circuit court granted Llego's motion. A few weeks later, Erum filed an emergency motion requesting that the circuit court reschedule trial and allow him time to respond to Llego's motion to dismiss, which the circuit court denied.

Because HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C) explicitly permit a trial court to dismiss a claim with prejudice as a sanction for failure to appear at a pretrial conference, I believe that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Erum's claim. I also disagree that the circuit court abused its discretion by not explicitly denominating Erum's emergency motion as a motion to reconsider, because doing so would not have provided Erum with a route to relief, given that the record amply supported the circuit court's decision to dismiss his claim with prejudice.

I strongly oppose the majority's decision to address the fact that the circuit court granted a motion that was not in writing, because Erum did not raise the issue on appeal or in his application for writ of certiorari. The majority's claim that, by liberally construing Erum's application for writ of certiorari, it can discern that Erum raised the issue, see Majority at ––––, ––– P.3d at ––––, is an attempt to sidestep our established plain error doctrine and disregards the principle of party presentation.

I also disagree with the majority's new prospective rule requiring trial courts to make relevant findings on the record for dismissals pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b), because the rules set forth the precise conduct that warrants dismissal.

Accordingly, I dissent.

I. BACKGROUND

On July 12, 2012, Erum and Llego were involved in a minor auto collision on the island of Kaua‘i. The accident occurred when Llego's Dodge taxi van rear-ended Erum's pickup truck while Erum was stopped at a stop sign. Erum subsequently sued Llego in small claims court for $2,650.00 for physical damage to his truck. After a trial, the small claims court awarded Erum $236.69 in damages — the estimated cost to replace his rear bumper, plus costs for a total judgment of $311.69 (small claims court judgment). Llego's insurance company paid Erum $311.69 by check.

On August 8, 2013, Erum filed a motion to set aside the small claims court judgment, which the small claims court denied.

On July 11, 2014, Erum, proceeding pro se, brought a second action against Llego in the District Court of the Fifth Circuit (district court), seeking damages for physical injury that he claimed to have sustained as a result of the 2012 accident, in addition to $2,650.00 in property damage to his truck. Llego filed an answer and a demand for a jury trial and the case was assigned to the circuit court.

On June 10, 2015 — after the deadline set by the circuit court for filing of pretrial statements had already passed — Erum filed an ex parte motion for extension of time. The circuit court granted Erum's motion and set a new deadline for Erum's pretrial statement to be received by December 6, 2015.

On March 7, 2016, after Erum again failed to file a pretrial statement, Llego filed a motion to dismiss the case for failure to prosecute (first motion to dismiss). In the memorandum filed in support of his motion, Llego argued that (1) he was prejudiced by Erum's delay and failure to prosecute because the accident had occurred more than three-and-a-half years earlier and witnesses’ memories had faded; (2) Erum "has a history of abusing court processes" and was ordered to pay $6,000 in sanctions by the United States District Court in 2008 for a bad faith filing, which Erum never paid; and (3) Erum's failure to prosecute was interfering with the circuit court's busy docket.

On March 16, 2016, Erum finally filed his pretrial statement. On March 21, 2016, Erum filed a memorandum in opposition to Llego's motion to dismiss. In a declaration attached to his memorandum in opposition, Erum claimed that his failure to file his pretrial statement was not "a deliberate delay," but was the result of "mistakenly placing the wrong date of June 10, 2016, instead of December 6, 2015, on [his] personal calendar[.]"

After hearing oral argument on Llego's first motion to dismiss, the circuit court denied the motion. Despite the fact that the circuit court found that Erum violated its order by failing to timely file his pretrial statement, the circuit court concluded that dismissal of Erum's complaint was too harsh a sanction. However, because Erum's failure to file his pretrial statement compelled Llego to file his first motion to dismiss, the circuit court imposed sanctions on Erum of attorneys’ fees and costs related to the motion ($3,280.19).

On July 5, 2016, the circuit court entered an order setting trial for the week of January 17, 2017 and a pretrial conference on December 22, 2016.

On July 11, 2016, Llego moved to dismiss Erum's property damage claim with prejudice (motion to dismiss property damage claim) on the grounds that Erum's claim was barred by res judicata because the property damage claim resulted in a final judgment on the merits in the small claims court. Llego also sought attorneys’ fees and costs associated with his motion because Llego notified Erum at his July 30, 2015 deposition and in a June 24, 2016 letter that Llego would seek sanctions against Erum for failure to "withdraw his frivolous property damage claim[,]" unless Erum did so before Llego filed his motion. Erum did not file an opposition to Llego's motion to dismiss property damage claim. Instead, Erum filed a cross-motion on July 27, 2016, seeking a continuance of the hearing on Llego's motion, pending his application to this court for a writ of mandamus directing the district court to vacate the small claims court judgment.

At a hearing on August 4, 2016, the circuit court granted Llego's motion to dismiss property damage claim, denied Erum's motion to continue, and imposed sanctions on Erum for attorneys’ fees and costs related to Llego's motion ($3,089.54). In a written order entered on December 2, 2016, the circuit court found, inter alia, that (1) Erum's cross-motion to continue hearing was untimely and was based on a petition for a writ of mandamus to this court which (a) Erum did not actually file until one hour before the scheduled hearing on Llego's motion to dismiss property damage claim; and (b) was filed more than three years after the trial was held in small claims court; and (2) Llego afforded Erum an opportunity to withdraw his property damage claim and Erum refused to do so.

On December 8, 2016, Llego filed a motion to enforce settlement, or in the alternative, to continue trial (motion to enforce settlement). In a declaration attached to Llego's motion, Llego's attorney attested that (1) on November 9, 2016, Erum agreed to release all claims against Llego arising from the 2012 accident, in exchange for (a) $16,000 in general damages; (b) Llego's agreement not to pursue collections of any sanctions against Erum; and (c) agreement that Erum would be responsible for any medical bills related to the accident; (2) immediately after the agreement was reached, Llego's attorney mailed Erum a confirmatory letter setting forth the exact terms of the agreement and asking Erum to contact Llego's attorney immediately if he disagreed with any of the settlement terms; (3) on November 15, 2016, in reliance on the settlement, Llego cancelled two scheduled depositions and advised his expert witnesses that the case had settled; (4) on November 16, 2016, Llego's attorney mailed to Erum the settlement documents; (5) on November 29, 2016, Erum communicated to Llego's attorney that he would not sign the settlement documents unless J's Taxi was removed from the release, or, unless Erum received more than the agreed upon $16,000 settlement; (6) on November 29, 2016, (a) Llego's attorney notified Erum that Llego's insurance carrier agreed to delete J's Taxi from the release; (b) Erum stated that he required more money to settle because Erum was considering pursuing a claim against the insurance adjuster who handled the claim and Erum might require future medical treatment; and (7) as of December 5, 2016, Llego's attorney had continued to contact Erum to try to resolve the dispute, but Erum had "continued to delay and demand even more money to resolve a case that had previously been settled." Llego also requested costs and fees associated with his motion to enforce settlement.

On December 12, 2016, Erum filed a memorandum in opposition to Llego's motion to enforce settlement. Erum argued that because he never signed the "purported settlement agreement," it was not enforceable. Erum also contended that there was "no mutual assent," as evidenced by Llego's attorney's declaration stating that Erum communicated to her his refusal to sign the agreement on November 29, 2016. According to Erum, on November 29, 2016, Erum communicated to Llego's counsel his refusal to sign the agreement because it (1) released J's Taxi from liability; (2) did not provide for payment of Erum's future medical expenses; and (3) did not include an agreement to vacate the order and final judgment against Erum for sanctions.

At a hearing on December 13, 2016, the circuit court denied Llego's motion to enforce settlement, but granted his alternative motion to continue. Trial was set for the week of April 3, 2017. At the hearing and in its subsequent written order, the circuit court found that Llego's attorney acted in good faith in the settlement negotiations, but that Erum had not acted in good faith. Therefore, the circuit court awarded sanctions against Erum for attorneys’ fees and costs from November 9, 2016, through the time spent to submit the January 27, 2017 order ($4,577.04).

When the circuit court continued the trial to April 2017, it entered an order setting new dates for submission of pretrial documents (Amended Order Setting Trial Date). The circuit court ordered that (1) Erum file a list of witnesses by January 30, 2017 and that Llego file a list of witnesses within thirty days after Erum; (2) proposed exhibits, jury instructions, and statement of the case be received by February 17, 2017; (3) motions in limine and designation of depositions be filed by February 27, 2017; and (4) memoranda in opposition to proposed documents be received by February 27, 2017. Llego timely filed and submitted all of his pretrial documents, but Erum failed to submit any pretrial documents by the court-imposed deadlines. On February 27, 2017, Erum filed a motion for continuance of trial, which included his declaration that the parties were engaged in settlement negotiations that would render a trial unnecessary and that, if a settlement was not reached, Erum would retain counsel to represent him at trial. Erum averred that the requested continuance would allow his counsel to prepare for trial and comply with the circuit court's deadlines for pretrial documents.

On March 3, 2017, Llego filed a motion to dismiss with prejudice, or in the alternative, to exclude all of Erum's pretrial documents that were due under the Amended Order Setting Trial Date (third motion to dismiss). Llego argued that (1) Erum's case should be dismissed because Erum repeatedly failed to comply with the circuit court's orders, including the deadlines imposed in the Amended Order Setting Trial Date; (2) the fact that the parties were still negotiating did not excuse Erum's compliance with the circuit court's Amended Order Setting Trial Date; (3) Llego had been unduly prejudiced by Erum's failure to comply with pretrial deadlines for submission of documents; and (4) the fact that the circuit court had already sanctioned Erum three times in relation to this litigation demonstrated Erum's history of dilatory tactics. If the circuit court determined that dismissal with prejudice was not warranted, Llego argued that the circuit court should sanction Erum pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(B), for failing to comply with the Amended Order Setting Trial Date by excluding the documents (including exhibits, proposed jury instructions, statements of the case, proposed verdict forms, motions in limine, designations of depositions, counter designations to any depositions, memoranda in opposition to Llego's filings, and objections to designations) that Erum failed to file. Llego also sought "all attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in this case."

On March 17, 2017, Llego filed a memorandum in opposition to Erum's motion for continuance, which incorporated by reference the arguments made in his third motion to dismiss.

On March 22, 2017 — the day before a scheduled settlement conference — Erum filed his "Settlement Conference Statement and Ex Parte Motion for Extension of Time to Deliver Confidential Settlement Letter to the [circuit court]." Erum included his declaration stating that the reason he failed to file his settlement conference statement by the March 16, 2017 deadline was because, at eighty-four years old, he suffered from memory lapses and confusion due to his age and the side effects of medications that he takes. On March 22, 2017, Erum also filed a memorandum in opposition to Llego's third motion to dismiss, wherein Erum argued that dismissal was not warranted because there was no showing of "deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice[ ]" by Erum. In a declaration included in his memorandum in opposition, Erum averred that he failed to file his pretrial documents by the deadlines in the Amended Order Setting Trial Date because he believed that the circuit court would grant his February 27, 2017 motion for continuance of trial and order new deadlines.

At a hearing on March 23, 2017, Erum informed the circuit court that he had filed for bankruptcy and "questioned how that affects this case." The circuit court continued all matters to April 18, 2017, and took off calendar: (1) the settlement conference set for that day; (2) the hearing on Llego's third motion to dismiss set for the following week; and (3) the trial set for April 3, 2017.

Llego's third motion to dismiss was finally heard on April 18, 2017, at 1:00 p.m. Llego appeared with his counsel and Erum appeared pro se. Before hearing Llego's third motion to dismiss, the circuit court addressed the issue of whether Erum's bankruptcy affected this case, and the parties agreed that Erum's chapter 13 bankruptcy did not divest the circuit court of jurisdiction to preside over the case. After hearing oral argument from the parties, the circuit court denied Llego's third motion to dismiss, or in the alternative to exclude Erum's pretrial documents, but awarded Llego sanctions against Erum in the form of attorneys’ fees and costs associated with Llego's motion. At the hearing, the circuit court re-set trial for September 18, 2017, scheduled a pretrial conference on August 24, 2017 at 2:30 p.m., and ordered Erum to submit his pretrial documents by May 31, 2017. At the request of both parties to proceed with the previously-scheduled settlement conference, the circuit court scheduled the settlement conference for 4:00 p.m. that same day — April 18, 2017 — two hours and seventeen minutes after the hearing on the third motion to dismiss concluded.

Both Llego and his attorney appeared for the 4:00 p.m. settlement conference, but Erum did not appear. "Both the bailiff and the law clerk checked the courthouse and the law library for [Erum]." After a short recess to allow Erum time to appear, the circuit court reconvened and stated that "[Erum] was advised of the 4:00 p.m. start time." Llego requested that the circuit court dismiss the case based on Erum's failure to appear for the scheduled settlement conference. The circuit court stated that it would not grant an oral motion, but would allow Llego to file a written motion.

On May 11, 2017, Llego filed a motion to dismiss with prejudice (fourth motion to dismiss). In his fourth motion to dismiss, Llego contended that the circuit court should dismiss Llego's case as a sanction for either: (1) Erum's unexcused failure to attend the scheduled settlement conference; or (2) Erum's deliberate and contumacious delays. Llego argued that Erum's delays caused him to expend significant time and resources throughout the course of the litigation. In particular, both Llego and his counsel changed their plans — including scheduled travel — to attend the scheduled settlement conference "only to discover that they had wasted their afternoons in anticipation of a settlement conference that never took place." Based on Erum's "bad faith and lack of good cause for failing to adhere to the [circuit court's orders]," Llego also sought "all attorneys’ fees and costs associated with this entire case."

On May 24, 2017, Erum filed a memorandum in opposition to Llego's fourth motion to dismiss. Erum argued that Llego's motion should be denied because (1) Erum's failure to attend the settlement conference was the result of an illness and not deliberate delay or contumacious conduct; and (2) any prejudice that Llego suffered was caused by the circuit court's decision to hold the settlement conference later in the afternoon, rather than at 1:00 p.m. Erum's memorandum in opposition included his declaration that he "inadvertently overlooked and failed to comply" with the circuit court's order that he attend the scheduled settlement conference on April 18, 2017, because his list of illnesses includes sporadic atrial fibrillation and he had to drive home to obtain his medication at the onset of symptoms.

On June 1, 2017, the circuit court heard Llego's fourth motion to dismiss. The circuit court denied Llego's motion to dismiss but awarded Llego sanctions against Erum in the form of attorneys’ fees and costs associated with Llego's motion. The circuit court noted this exchange, which occurred during the hearing, in its written order denying Llego's fourth motion to dismiss:

[Llego's] counsel again noted that [Erum] had still failed to file any pre-trial documents as ordered by the Court's Order Setting Trial Date filed on July 5, 2016. [Llego's] counsel requested that the Court order [Erum] to file his pre-trial documents by a date certain to avoid unduly prejudicing [Llego]. [Erum] represented to the Court that he made an intentional and strategic decision not to file said pretrial documents.

(Emphasis added.) Thus, despite Erum's previous attestations to the circuit court that (1) if granted a continuance, he would retain counsel to prepare for trial and comply with deadlines for submitting pretrial documents; and (2) his previous failures to timely file pretrial documents were because he was relying on the circuit court granting his motion for continuance of trial and ordering new deadlines, Erum for the first time articulated his deliberate intent not to file pretrial documents of any kind.

On August 24, 2017 at 2:30 p.m., Erum again failed to appear before the circuit court, this time at a scheduled pretrial conference. Both Llego and his counsel appeared at the pretrial conference. Approximately forty minutes after the pretrial conference was scheduled to begin, the bailiff called for Erum three times outside the courtroom, but Erum failed to appear. Llego made an oral motion for the circuit court to dismiss with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16 and 37 (fifth motion to dismiss). After hearing argument from Llego on the motion, the circuit court stated on the record that Llego's request was reasonable, orally granted the motion, and directed Llego's counsel to prepare the order. The trial set for September 18, 2017, was taken off calendar.

On August 31, 2017, Llego served Erum with a copy of the minutes from the April 18, 2017 hearing — which was when the circuit court had scheduled the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference in the presence of both parties — via a process server. On September 5, 2017, Llego's counsel filed a proposed Order Granting Llego's Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice.

On September 13, 2017, Erum filed an "Emergency Ex Parte Motion to Reschedule Trial" (emergency motion) — two weeks after he accepted personal service notifying him that he had missed the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference. In his emergency motion, Erum stated that he was aware that Llego had made an "apparent request for dismissal" and filed a proposed Order Granting Llego's Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice. Erum claimed that the uncertainty as to whether the circuit court would grant Llego's fifth motion to dismiss had "interfered with and disrupted [Erum's] preparation for trial[.]" Erum also claimed to have no knowledge as to whether the circuit court had already considered Llego's fifth motion to dismiss. Erum requested that the circuit court continue trial to a later date to allow Erum time to respond to Llego's motion and to permit the circuit court sufficient time to consider Llego's motion, which Erum contended should be made in writing.

In a written order entered on September 15, 2017, the circuit court granted Llego's fifth motion to dismiss (dismissal order). In the dismissal order, the circuit court found that (1) Erum failed to appear at the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference; (2) the circuit court "orally ordered the parties to appear for the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference" at the April 18, 2017 hearing where Erum, Llego, and Llego's counsel appeared; and (3) approximately forty minutes after the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference was scheduled to begin, the bailiff called for Erum three times outside the courtroom but Erum failed to appear. The dismissal order further states:

Defendant made an oral motion for the Court to dismiss the case with prejudice pursuant to Rules 16 and 37 of the Hawai‘i Rules of Civil Procedure. The Court having reviewed the pleadings, considered the entire case record and heard oral argument,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Case With Prejudice is hereby GRANTED.

(Emphasis added.) Immediately after entering the dismissal order, the circuit court denied Erum's Emergency Motion.

On September 27, 2017, the circuit court entered a Judgment Re: Order Granting Defendant [Llego's] Oral Motion for Dismissal with Prejudice (circuit court judgment). The circuit court judgment dismissed Erum's complaint with prejudice and entered final judgment in favor of Llego and against Erum, "pursuant to Order Granting Defendant [Llego's] Oral Motion for Dismissal With Prejudice heard on August 24, 2017[.]"

On October 10, 2017, Erum filed a Motion to Set Aside Judgment and to Reschedule Trial Without Further Pretrial Conferences (motion to set aside judgment). Erum attributed his failure to attend the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference as a "mistake in calendaring" — the same reason Erum cited for missing the December 6, 2015 deadline to file his pretrial statement. Erum argued that (1) dismissal with prejudice is too severe a sanction in his case, because the record does not support that his failure to attend the scheduled pretrial conference was the result of contumacious conduct or deliberate delay; and (2) the circuit erred by entering a judgment of dismissal without requiring Llego to file a written motion. Erum's motion to set aside judgment included his declaration that he suffers from memory lapses and mental confusion due to his age and the side effects of medications that he takes.

On October 27, 2017, Llego filed a memorandum in opposition to Erum's motion to set aside judgment. That same day, Erum filed a Notice of Appeal in the Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA) appealing the circuit court's judgment. Because the circuit court found that it lacked jurisdiction after Erum filed his notice of appeal, the circuit court denied Erum's motion to set aside judgment.

On appeal, Erum raised a single point of error. Erum argued that the circuit court abused its discretion by granting Llego's fifth motion to dismiss because dismissal with prejudice is a sanction of " ‘last resort’ that cannot be affirmed ‘absent deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice.’ " (quoting Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 ). The ICA affirmed the circuit court's judgment dismissing Erum's case with prejudice. The ICA concluded that, based on the entire record, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's case with prejudice.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Plain error review is to be exercised only when justice so requires.

Plain error doctrine is not applicable to this case. See Hawai‘i Rules of Appellate Procedure (HRAP) Rule 28(b)(4) (2016) ("Points not presented in accordance with this section will be disregarded, except that the appellate court, at its option, may notice a plain error not presented."). Plain error doctrine is "based on notions of equity and justice" and "represents a departure from the normal rules of waiver that govern appellate review." Montalvo v. Lapez, 77 Hawai‘i 282, 291, 884 P.2d 345, 354 (1994) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). This court has stated numerous times that "[i]n civil cases, the plain error rule is only invoked when ‘justice so requires.’ " Alvarez Family Tr. v. Ass'n of Apartment Owners of Kaanapali Alii, 121 Hawai‘i 474, 490, 221 P.3d 452, 468 (2009) (quoting Montalvo, 77 Hawai‘i at 290, 884 P.2d at 353 ) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). Accord Fujioka v. Kam, 55 Haw. 7, 9, 514 P.2d 568, 570 (1973).

HRAP Rule 40.1(d) (2017) sets forth the requirements for an application for writ of certiorari:

(1) A short and concise statement of the questions presented for decision, set forth in the most general terms possible. The statement of a question presented will be deemed to include every subsidiary question fairly comprised therein. Questions not presented according to this paragraph will be disregarded. The supreme court, at its option, may notice a plain error not presented. (2) A statement of prior proceedings in the case. (3) A short statement of the case containing the facts material to the consideration of the questions presented. (4) A brief argument with supporting authorities. A copy of the challenged opinion, dispositional order, or ruling of the intermediate court of appeals shall be attached as an appendix.

(Emphasis added.)

Both on appeal and in his application for writ of certiorari, Erum argued that the circuit court abused its discretion by dismissing his claim with prejudice absent a showing of deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice. In his application for writ of certiorari, Erum does not present any question as to whether the ICA properly affirmed the circuit court's dismissal of his case on the basis that Llego's motion was not in writing. Thus, the issue is not before this court on certiorari and should not be considered. See Alvarez Family Tr., 121 Hawai‘i at 488, 221 P.3d at 466 ("It is well-established in this jurisdiction that, where a party does not raise specific issues on appeal to the ICA or on application to this court, the issues are deemed waived and need not be considered.").

Pro se litigants must still comply with the relevant rules of procedure and substantive law. See Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir. 2013) (Pro se litigants "cannot flout procedural rules—they must abide by the same rules that apply to all other litigants."); Ghazali v. Moran, 46 F.3d 52, 54 (9th Cir. 1995) ("Although we construe pleadings liberally in their favor, pro se litigants are bound by the rules of procedure."); Schwartz v. Schwartz, 835 So.2d 1017, 1018 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002) (affirming the dismissal of a civil litigant's appeal for failure to comply with the requirements of Rule 28 because it is neither the appellate court's "duty nor its function to perform an appellant's legal research[ ]") (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Lepere v. United Pub. Workers, Local 646, AFL-CIO, 77 Hawai‘i 471, 473, 887 P.2d 1029, 1031 n.2 (1995) (quoting Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 n.46, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975) ) (explaining that a plaintiff's pro se status is not a "license not to comply with the relevant rules of procedural and substantive law."). Thus, Erum, a retired attorney proceeding pro se throughout this case and on appeal is not exempted from complying with HRAP Rule 40.1(d).

Despite the fact that neither party raised the issue of the circuit court's noncompliance with HRCP Rule 7(b)(1) on appeal or before this court, the majority denies that it is exercising plain error review. Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 381 n.19, 465 P.3d at 828 n.19. Instead, the majority claims that, construing Erum's application for writ of certiorari liberally "as informed by the arguments Erum made before the trial court," Erum presented the question of the circuit court's noncompliance with HRCP Rule 7(b), in addition to his claim that the circuit court erred by dismissing his claim with prejudice absent a showing of deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice. Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 381, 465 P.3d at 828.

The majority presents a strawman argument in support of its claim that a liberal interpretation of Erum's application for writ of certiorari is necessary, stating that "[a] strict application of HRAP Rule 40.1(d) would require that Erum's application for writ of certiorari be disregarded unless plain error was to be invoked." Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 380, 465 P.3d at 827. However, the majority misrepresents the relative completeness of Erum's application for writ of certiorari. Erum's application for writ of certiorari contained (1) "a short and concise statement of the questions presented for decision[;]" (2) "a statement of prior proceedings in the case[;]" (3) "a short statement of the case[;]" (4) "[a] brief argument with supporting authorities[;]" and Erum attached a copy of the ICA's judgment on appeal that he challenged. See Haw. R. App. P. 40.1(d). Thus, Erum's application for writ of certiorari largely satisfied the requirements of HRAP Rule 40.1(d) for the point of error that he actually raised — that the circuit court erred by dismissing his claim with prejudice absent a showing of deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice.

The majority justifies its decision to address a point of error not raised by Erum on appeal by claiming that the error and arguments are discernible through a liberal interpretation of Erum's application for writ of certiorari, which is consistent with the policy of affording litigants the opportunity to be heard on the merits. Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 380–81, 465 P.3d at 827–28. However, it is clear that it is the majority — and not Erum — who is intent on reaching the issue of the circuit court's noncompliance with HRCP Rule 7(b). Erum clearly set forth his single point of error, argument, and authority to challenge the circuit court's dismissal of his claim with prejudice absent a showing of deliberate delay, contumacious conduct, or actual prejudice, and is entitled to be heard on the merits of that issue — not the additional issue that the majority raised for him. It is not the role of an appellate court to raise additional errors for the purpose of instructing lower courts. Courts, as "passive instruments of government ... do not, or should not, sally forth each day looking for wrongs to right. [They] wait for cases to come to [them], and when [cases arise, courts] normally decide only questions presented by the parties." United States v. Sineneng-Smith, ––– U.S. ––––, 140 S.Ct. 1575, 1579, ––– L.Ed.2d ––––, 206 L.Ed.2d 866 (2020) (quoting United States v. Samuels, 808 F.2d 1298, 1301 (8th Cir. 1987) (Arnold, J., concurring in denial of reh'g en banc)).

"A fundamental tenet of Hawai‘i law is that [p]leadings prepared by pro se litigants should be interpreted liberally." Waltrip v. TS Enters., Inc., 140 Hawai‘i 226, 239, 398 P.3d 815, 828 (2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The purpose of the "liberality doctrine" is to promote equal access to justice. Id. Under the liberality doctrine, courts may recharacterize a pro se litigant's misbranded motion, Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 381, 124 S.Ct. 786, 157 L.Ed.2d 778 (2003), or, interpret a pro se filing in a way that does not foreclose relief, if another route to relief is possible. Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 241, 398 P.3d at 830.

However, the fact that a "pro se document is to be liberally construed[,]" Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976), does not mean it should be construed to say something which it does not. See Hessmer v. Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 904 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (noting that "courts cannot create claims or defenses for pro se litigants" but "should give effect to the substance, rather than the form or terminology, of a pro se litigant's papers"). The liberality doctrine does not permit an appellate court to take it upon itself to identify an issue on behalf of a pro se litigant and then consider the unraised issue on the merits. Raising an issue on behalf of a pro se litigant is fundamentally different than recharacterizing a misbranded motion or liberally interpreting a pleading.

Here, the majority goes beyond liberally interpreting an issue or argument raised by Erum in his application for writ of certiorari by raising and framing an issue for him. In doing so, the majority is not acting as a neutral arbiter, but is stepping into the role of the Erum's appellate counsel, which directly contradicts the purpose behind the liberality doctrine. Instead of promoting equal access to justice for pro se litigants, see Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 239, 398 P.3d at 828, raising a point of error on behalf of a pro se litigant tips the scales of justice unfairly because it disadvantages the party on the opposite side of the litigation. See Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d at 903 ("[C]ourts must also be mindful of the boundary between fairness to a pro se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant's adversary.").

The majority's conclusion that a liberal interpretation of Erum's application for writ of certiorari permits it to reach an error not actually presented by Erum on appeal or to this court, based on arguments that Erum made before the circuit court, effectively erases the requirements of HRAP Rule 40.1(d). Under the majority's interpretation, a pro se litigant's application for writ of certiorari need only claim that a court below erred in taking a particular action, and this court will bear the burden of researching all possible errors and provide its own argument and supporting authority. However, that is not the role of an appellate court. See id. at 904 ("Pro se litigants should not be permitted to shift the burden of the litigation to the courts[.]").

The majority's interpretation that Erum's application for writ of certiorari adequately raised the circuit court's noncompliance with HRCP Rule 7(b) disregards the principle of party presentation and implicates the same issues as our discretionary authority to review for plain error.

A fundamental underpinning of the adversary system is "the principle of party presentation." Greenlaw v. United States, 554 U.S. 237, 243, 128 S.Ct. 2559, 171 L.Ed.2d 399 (2008). Under the principle of party presentation, courts "rely on the parties to frame the issues for decision" and are "assign[ed] ... the role of neutral arbiter of matters the parties present." Id. Put differently, the adversary system is "designed around the premise that the parties know what is best for them, and are responsible for advancing the facts and arguments entitling them to relief." Id. at 244, 128 S.Ct. 2559 (quoting Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 386, 124 S.Ct. 786, 157 L.Ed.2d 778 (2003) (Scalia, J., concurring)). Consequently, courts generally hesitate to consider issues not raised by the parties "both because our system assumes and depends upon the assistance of counsel, and because of the unfairness of such a practice to the other party." United States v. Pryce, 938 F.2d 1343, 1353 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (Silberman, J., dissenting) (citations omitted).

Castro v. Melchor, 142 Hawai‘i 1, 18-19, 414 P.3d 53, 70-71 (2018) (Nakayama, J., concurring) (alterations in original). As neutral arbiters in an adversarial system, our discretionary authority to consider questions that the parties have not presented should be used sparingly, in circumstances "where the interests of justice require such action." Id. (quoting Bertelmann v. Taas Assoc., 69 Haw. 95, 103, 735 P.2d 930, 935 (1987) ).

In this case, neither party raised a potential violation of HRCP Rule 7(b) on appeal and the majority resolves Erum's application for writ of certiorari on other issues. Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 381, 465 P.3d at 828. Yet, the majority exercises its discretion to address plain error by "liberally construing Erum's application for certiorari," Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 381, 465 P.3d at 828, in order to instruct trial courts on the importance of written motions. In choosing to address an issue not presented in accordance with HRAP Rule 28(b)(4) solely for the purpose of "reaffirm[ing]" the requirements of HRCP Rule 7(b), Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 381, 465 P.3d at 828, the majority disregards the principle of party presentation and "the sine qua non to the plain error doctrine — that it is to be invoked only when ‘justice so requires.’ " Montalvo, 77 Hawai‘i at 305, 884 P.2d at 368 (Nakayama, J., dissenting).

Because Erum did not raise the issue of the circuit court's compliance with HRCP Rule 7(b) on certiorari and the interests of justice do not justify plain error review, I disagree with the majority's decision to address the issue.

B. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's complaint with prejudice.

1. A trial court may dismiss an action with prejudice as a sanction for failure to appear at a pretrial conference.

Pursuant to HRCP Rule 16(f), when a party fails to (1) obey a scheduling or pretrial order; (2) appear at a scheduling or pretrial conference or is "substantially unprepared to participate in the conference[;]" or (3) participate in good faith at a scheduling or pretrial conference, a trial court may, "upon motion or the judge's own initiative ... make such orders with regard thereto as are just[.]" Under those circumstances, one of the sanctions available to the presiding court is "dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof, or rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party[.]" Haw. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(C).

An appellate court reviews the imposition of sanctions by a trial court for abuse of discretion. Gap v. Puna Geothermal Venture, 106 Hawai‘i 325, 331, 104 P.3d 912, 918 (2004). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court has "clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or disregarded rules or principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a party litigant." Amfac, Inc. v. Waikiki Beachcomber Inv. Co., 74 Haw. 85, 114, 839 P.2d 10, 26 (1992).

Here, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's claim with prejudice because both HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C) and established caselaw permit dismissal when a party fails to appear at a pretrial conference. In Webb v. Harvey, a pro se plaintiff first failed to attend a scheduled settlement conference, but then attended the rescheduled settlement conference telephonically. 103 Hawai‘i 63, 64, 79 P.3d 681, 682 (App. 2003). Later, the plaintiff failed to attend a pretrial conference scheduled for two weeks before trial. Id. When the plaintiff failed to appear, the circuit court first determined that the plaintiff had received the order scheduling the pretrial conference, and the bailiff made three calls for the plaintiff, who did not appear. Id. at 64-65, 79 P.3d at 682-83. The circuit court stated that it "(a) viewed [the plaintiff's] ‘absence as indicating [a] lack of prosecution’ and (b) ‘will enter an order dismissing the case with prejudice.’ " Id. at 65, 79 P.3d at 683. The day after the plaintiff failed to appear, plaintiff's motion for continuance was filed, which plaintiff had sent by UPS Next Day Air from Las Vegas, Nevada to the circuit court. Id. Three days later, the circuit court filed orders dismissing the case with prejudice for lack of prosecution. Id. On appeal, the ICA affirmed the circuit court's dismissal of the case as a sanction for the plaintiff's unexcused non-attendance at the pretrial conference, noting that even if the circuit court had received plaintiff's motion for continuance before the pretrial conference, it "would not have precluded the court from doing what it did." Id. at 66, 79 P.3d at 684. The facts of Erum's failure to appear and subsequent dismissal with prejudice are nearly identical to the facts in Webb, although the record in this case demonstrates an even greater disregard for the circuit court's orders. When Erum failed to appear at the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference, the circuit court noted that (1) it had orally ordered the parties to appear on that date four months prior, at a hearing where Erum was present; and (2) approximately forty minutes after the pretrial conference was scheduled to begin, the bailiff called for Erum three times outside the courtroom, but Erum still failed to appear. Llego made an oral motion to dismiss with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16 and 37. The circuit court heard oral argument on Llego's motion, and "having reviewed the pleadings [and] considered the entire case record" granted Llego's motion to dismiss with prejudice.

On the facts of this case, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by issuing orders with regard to Erum's failure to appear at the pretrial conference as it deemed just, including dismissing Erum's claim with prejudice, pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C). HRCP Rule 16(f) permits the trial court to "make such orders" either "upon motion" — as the circuit court did here — or, upon "the judge's own initiative[.]" Haw. R. Civ. P. 16(f). Because the rules explicitly allow a presiding court to dismiss an action when a party fails to appear at a pretrial conference, as Erum failed to appear at the August 24, 2017 pretrial conference, the circuit court's order dismissing Erum's case with prejudice did not "clearly exceed[ ] the bounds of reason or disregard[ ] rules or principles of law or practice[.]" See Amfac, Inc., 74 Haw. at 114, 839 P.2d at 26. Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion.

2. The Blaisdell standard for involuntary dismissal does not apply to dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C).

Despite the fact that the circuit court did not rely upon HRCP Rule 41(b) in dismissing Erum's case, the majority imports the standard for an involuntary dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b), as set forth in Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68, and applies it for the first time to a dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C). Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 381–85, 465 P.3d at 828–32. In applying the Blaisdell standard here, the majority creates a new rule for dismissals pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C) and proposes to apply this standard to involuntary dismissals with prejudice pursuant to any rule. Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 383–85, 465 P.3d at 830–32.

In addition, the majority expands upon Blaisdell ’s standard for involuntary dismissals pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b) and creates an even higher standard. Compare Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 382–83, 465 P.3d at 829–30 ("Dismissal with prejudice is not an abuse of discretion when a plaintiff's deliberate delay or contumacious conduct causes actual prejudice. Additionally, ... the sanction of dismissal with prejudice ... may be invoked only when the actual prejudice cannot be addressed through lesser sanctions.") (emphasis added) (citing Chen v. Mah, 146 Hawai‘i 157, 179–80, 457 P.3d 796, 818-19 (2020) ), with Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 ("The threshold standard for granting an involuntary dismissal of a complaint with prejudice is set high: the record must show deliberate delay, contumacious conduct or actual prejudice. ... absent a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct ... a [trial] court [must] consider less severe sanctions and explain, where not obvious, their inadequacy for promoting the interests of justice.") (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accord Shasteen, Inc. v. Hilton Hawaiian Vill. Joint Venture, 79 Hawai‘i 103, 107, 899 P.2d 386, 390 (1995) ("[A]n order of dismissal cannot be affirmed ‘[a]bsent deliberate delay, contumacious conduct or actual prejudice[.]’ ") (citation omitted).

Under Blaisdell and its predecessors, a trial court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing a case if the record showed "deliberate delay, contumacious conduct or actual prejudice" and the trial court need only explain why lesser sanctions were inadequate to promoted the interests of justice "where not obvious[.]" 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 (emphasis added). However, under the majority's new standard, a trial court abuses its discretion when it enters an involuntary dismissal with prejudice, pursuant to any rule, unless there is (1) a clear record of deliberate delay or contumacious conduct (2) that causes actual prejudice, and (3) the trial court justifies why the actual prejudice cannot be addressed through lesser sanctions, even when it is obvious from the record why lesser sanctions are inadequate to promote the interests of justice. See Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 382–83, 465 P.3d at 829–30. What this court characterized as an already "high standard" in Blaisdell, the majority makes even higher. See 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68.

Thus, I disagree with the majority's application of its heightened HRCP Rule 41(b) standard to this case. However, even if our precedent did require application of the Blaisdell standard to dismissals with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b), the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's case because Erum's deliberate delay over three years is clear from the record. "A dismissal with prejudice would not constitute an abuse of discretion where a plaintiff's deliberate delay causes actual prejudice to a defendant. Although the law presumes injury from unreasonable delay, the presumption of prejudice is rebuttable upon a showing that actual prejudice did not occur." Id. The majority's reliance on Ryan v. Palmer, 130 Hawai‘i 321, 310 P.3d 1022 (App. 2013), to support its conclusion that Erum's conduct did not amount to deliberate delay actually illustrates the egregiousness of Erum's dilatory conduct. See Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 385, 465 P.3d at 832. In Ryan, the circuit court dismissed the plaintiff's claim just twenty-two days after the deadline for filing a pretrial statement, and the dismissal with prejudice was based solely on the plaintiff's failure to file the pretrial statement. Id. at 322, 310 P.3d at 1023. In its decision vacating the order of dismissal, the ICA noted that (1) the "plaintiff was not dilatory in any [other] respect" and that the failure to file a pretrial statement alone does not constitute deliberate delay; (2) the defendant did not claim actual prejudice at any point or refute the plaintiff's argument that they suffered no prejudice; and (3) the record did not indicate that the circuit court considered any sanctions less severe than dismissal. Id. at 324, 310 P.3d at 1025 (emphasis added).

While missing a single filing deadline does not constitute deliberate delay, Erum engaged in numerous dilatory tactics that, taken together, show a deliberate attempt to delay: (1) twice missing deadlines for filing of pretrial statements; (2) refusing to dismiss his property damage claim that had resulted in a final judgment on the merits three years earlier, then filing a writ of mandamus seeking to vacate the small claims court judgment; (3) acting in bad faith by verbally agreeing to settlement terms and then refusing to sign the settlement agreement, in an attempt to obtain more money from Llego; (4) seeking multiple extensions and continuances from the circuit court to prolong the litigation and avoid trial; (5) first missing deadlines for filing pretrial documents, then promising to file them, and finally refusing to file them at all; (6) raising the issue of his dismissed-then-reinstated chapter 13 bankruptcy, which caused the circuit court to take off calendar (a) a settlement conference; (b) a hearing on Llego's third motion to dismiss; and (c) the trial, only for Erum to concede the following month that the bankruptcy had no bearing on this case; (7) failing to appear at a settlement conference that was scheduled at the parties’ request, then inexplicably failing to contact the court to explain his absence until five weeks later; and (8) failing to appear at a scheduled pretrial conference four weeks before trial, then failing to contact the circuit court to explain his non-appearance until five days before trial had been scheduled. By the time the circuit court finally dismissed Erum's case with prejudice, the accident had occurred more than five years earlier, and the litigation had continued for more than three years.

In Ryan, the ICA held that the failure to file a pretrial statement alone does not constitute deliberate delay. Id. at 324, 310 P.3d at 1025. But here, the majority holds that the failure to file a pretrial statement, refusal to comply with the circuit court's scheduling order by submitting pretrial documents, failing to appear at a scheduled settlement conference and a pretrial conference, and other, more creative dilatory tactics such as reinstating dismissed bankruptcy proceedings and filing a petition for a writ of mandamus to this court to avoid going to trial also do not rise to the level of deliberate delay. I have a deep sense of foreboding for our already overburdened trial courts, now that the majority gives license to such tactics.

Unlike in Ryan, Llego claimed actual prejudice numerous times during these proceedings. See Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68 ("Although the law presumes injury from unreasonable delay, the presumption of prejudice is rebuttable upon a showing that actual prejudice did not occur."). This case is also distinguishable from Ryan because here, the circuit court had already imposed monetary sanctions five times, but these sanctions appeared to have no effect on Erum — likely because, based on the record, he had no intention of ever paying them. It is obvious from the record that the circuit court had already considered and ordered lesser sanctions to no avail, and that lesser sanctions were inadequate to promote the interests of justice. See Blaisdell, 125 Hawai‘i at 49, 252 P.3d at 68.

Thus, even if our precedent did require Blasdell ’s HRCP Rule 41(b) standard for dismissals with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b), the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's claim.

3. The circuit court's dismissal order adequately stated its findings for dismissing with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C).

Despite the fact that the record in this case amply demonstrates that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's claim with prejudice, the majority takes this opportunity to announce a new prospective rule that "[w]henever a case is involuntarily dismissed with prejudice, the trial court must state essential findings on the record or make written findings as to deliberate delay or contumacious conduct and actual prejudice and explain why a lesser sanction than dismissal with prejudice is insufficient to serve the interests of justice." Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 390, 465 P.3d at 837.

Again, this new rule conflates the standard for involuntary dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b) with dismissal as a sanction, pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), and creates a new rule for all involuntary dismissals with prejudice. See supra Part II(B)(2). Even more confusing is the majority's assertion that "[m]inimal oral or written findings will suffice when the cited rule provides the precise conduct in question that warrants dismissal and the order of dismissal or rule specifically provides the party with the ability to seek reinstatement of the case." Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 390 n.40, 465 P.3d at 837 n.40.

When a party fails to appear at a pretrial conference, HRCP Rule 16(f) empowers a trial court to "make such orders with regard thereto as are just ... and among others any of the orders provided in Rule 37(b)(2)(B),(C),(D)." HRCP Rule 37(b)(2)(C) in turn explicitly permits the presiding court to "dismiss[ ] the action or proceeding or any part thereof[.]" Here, the dismissal order states that (1) Erum failed to appear at a scheduled pretrial conference on August 24, 2017; (2) the circuit court orally ordered the parties’ appearance at a hearing on April 18, 2017; (3) the circuit court waited forty minutes for Erum after the time the conference was scheduled to begin and the bailiff called for him three times outside the courtroom; and (4) after Erum still failed to appear, the circuit court dismissed Erum's case with prejudice for failure to appear at a scheduled pretrial conference, "pursuant to Rules 16 and 37 of the Hawai‘i Rules of Civil Procedure." Thus, the circuit court's findings in the dismissal order meet the majority's standard for "[m]inimal oral or written findings," since "the cited rule provides the precise conduct in question that warrants dismissal[.]" See Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 390 n.40, 465 P.3d at 837 n.40.

However, the majority adds an additional requirement — the ability to seek reinstatement of the case — which underscores the difference between a dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C) and a dismissal pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b) and similar rules. Dismissal as a sanction pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C) does not allow the sanctioned party to seek reinstatement within a specified period of time. However, when a court sua sponte enters a dismissal with prejudice for failure to prosecute pursuant to HRCP Rule 41(b)(2), or its analog Rule 12(q) of the Rules of the Circuit Courts of the State of Hawai‘i, the "dismissal may be set aside and the action reinstated by order of the court for good cause shown upon motion duly filed not later than ten [ (10) ] days from the date of the order of dismissal." Ryan, 130 Hawai‘i at 323, 310 P.3d at 1024. In a case where the circuit court entered a dismissal as a sanction pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), as it did here, minimal oral or written findings will never suffice because the rule does not specifically provide the party with the ability to seek reinstatement of the case, and a court is unlikely to take the extraordinary step of providing for reinstatement in its order of dismissal.

The majority's conclusion thus belies its claim that minimal oral or written findings will suffice, because that will only apply to cases "when the cited rule provides the precise conduct in question that warrants dismissal and the order of dismissal or rule specifically provides the party with the ability to seek reinstatement of the case." Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 390 n.40, 465 P.3d at 837 n.40 (emphasis added). In the instant case, despite the fact that the circuit court set forth findings in the dismissal order, the majority demands findings that are more robust and specific. In doing so, the majority overlooks the fact that such specificity in findings often will impose an additional and unnecessary burden on trial courts that is impracticable to satisfy, especially given their already crowded court dockets.

Accordingly, I would not require trial courts to make findings on the record of deliberate delay or contumacious conduct and actual prejudice when entering a dismissal with prejudice pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), especially when the record, as demonstrated here, amply supports it.

C. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion by denying Erum's emergency motion.

Having already reviewed the pleadings, considered the entire case record, heard oral argument, and decided to dismiss Erum's claim with prejudice, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by denying Erum's emergency motion.

Contrary to the majority's claim that the circuit court failed to consider the merits of Erum's emergency motion, Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 392, 465 P.3d at 839, the record does not specify whether the circuit court considered the merits of Erum's argument or how the circuit court construed Erum's emergency motion. The record only indicates that the circuit court denied Erum's motion on September 15, 2017 — three weeks after orally granting Llego's fifth motion to dismiss. Thus, it is entirely plausible that the circuit court considered Erum's emergency motion, including Erum's arguments that (1) Erum should be permitted time to respond to Llego's motion to dismiss; (2) Llego's motion should have been made in writing; and (3) the circuit court needed additional time to consider Llego's motion, and still decided to deny Erum's motion.

Nor was the circuit court required to denominate Erum's emergency motion as a motion to reconsider in order to actually consider the motion. Merely calling the motion by a different name (motion to reconsider) is a distinction without a difference. Irrespective of how Erum titled his emergency motion, he stated his arguments for the circuit court's consideration, and the record does not support the majority's conclusion that the circuit court's denial of Erum's motion connotes a failure to consider the motion.

However, even if the circuit court did not construe Erum's emergency motion as a motion to reconsider or consider the merits of Erum's arguments, the circuit court still did not abuse its discretion because construing Erum's filing differently would not have provided him with another route to relief.

This court has stated that courts and administrative agencies have discretion to construe the filings of pro se litigants liberally to promote access to justice. Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 239, 398 P.3d at 828. We provided this admonishment to warn courts and administrative agencies against "construing away" jurisdiction when a pro se litigant misbrands a filing, and the effect of the misbranding is to foreclose relief, but another route to relief is available. Id. at 241, 398 P.3d at 830. In such situations, we have instructed that "pro se filings, even when ‘misbranded,’ should be reasonably construed in a manner that ‘results in identifying a route to relief, not in rendering relief impossible.’ " Id. (quoting Mata v. Lynch, 576 U.S. 143, 151, 135 S.Ct. 2150, 192 L.Ed.2d 225 (2015) ).

However, this court has never stated, as the majority does now, that "a court abuses its discretion if it construes a filing by a pro se litigant in a manner that prevents the litigant from proceeding when a reasonable, liberal construction of the document would permit the litigant to do so." Majority at 147 Hawai‘i at 391, 465 P.3d at 838 (citing Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 239, 398 P.3d at 828 ). Here, the majority uses Waltrip ’s instruction that courts should exercise discretion to construe pro se filings liberally when it is possible to identify a route to relief for the litigant to leap to the conclusion that a court abuses its discretion by failing to construe a filing as a reviewing court later deems proper. This broadening of the liberality doctrine is neither supported by our holding in Waltrip, nor appropriate to the facts of this case.

The circuit court exercised its discretion to deny Erum's emergency motion, and this denial did not "clearly exceed[ ] the bounds of reason or disregard[ ] rules or principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a party litigant." See Amfac, 74 Haw. at 114, 839 P.2d at 26. As previously noted, even if the circuit court explicitly denominated Erum's motion as a motion to reconsider, it still would not have provided a "route to relief" for Erum, see Waltrip, 140 Hawai‘i at 241, 398 P.3d at 830, because the circuit court could have deemed that the interests of justice supported its original decision to grant Llego's fifth motion to dismiss. This was not a case where the circuit court was faced with a pro se litigant who, but for a misbranded filing, could have proceeded with his case if the circuit court merely construed the filing more liberally. Instead, the circuit court was faced with Erum — a retired attorney who was admitted to practice in another state for over thirty years and chose to represent himself in numerous legal matters in Hawai‘i. Erum was not a pro se litigant who merely misbranded his filing and should have been assisted by the circuit court in identifying a route to relief, but a litigation-savvy retired attorney who engaged in numerous creative tactics to prolong his case for more than three years, with seemingly no intention of ever proceeding to trial. Having already determined that dismissal with prejudice was warranted pursuant to HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by denying Erum's emergency motion for more time to engage in similar tactics.

Although Erum was technically proceeding pro se, I disagree with the majority that the circuit court abused its discretion by not explicitly denominating Erum's emergency motion as a motion to reconsider, because doing so would not have provided Erum with a route to relief.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, I respectfully dissent. In accordance with the plain language of HRCP Rules 16(f) and 37(b)(2)(C), I would hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Erum's claim with prejudice as a sanction for his failure to appear at a scheduled pretrial conference, or, by denying Erum's emergency motion. Consequently, I would affirm the ICA's June 28, 2019 judgment on appeal, issued pursuant to its April 30, 2019 summary disposition order.