Summary
In CNA Ins. Co. v. Colman, 222 Conn. 769, 773, 610 A.2d 1257 (1992), a companion case to Bouley, the majority held that § 31-284 (a) barred the employee's recovery even if it was from the employer's automobile liability insurance carrier because the carrier is "the alter ego of its insured, the employer....
Summary of this case from Conzo v. Aetna Ins. Co.Opinion
(14366)
An employee who, like the defendant here, is injured while operating his employer's automobile during the course of his employment and who receives or is eligible to receive workers' compensation benefits is barred by the exclusivity provision ( 31-284[a]) of the Workers' Compensation Act from collecting under the employer's uninsured motorist coverage whether that coverage is provided through self-insurance or through a commercial insurance policy. Accordingly, the judgment of the Appellate Court directing the trial court to reinstate an arbitration award granting the defendant insurance benefits under the employer's policy was reversed.
Argued March 26, 1992
Decision released June 18, 1992
Application by the plaintiff to vacate an arbitration award, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Fairfield and tried to the court, Jones, J.; judgment granting the application, from which the defendants appealed to the Appellate Court, Dupont, C.J., Foti and Landau, Js., which reversed the trial court's judgment and remanded the case with direction to render judgment denying the application to vacate, and the plaintiff, on the granting of certification, appealed to this court. Reversed; judgment directed.
The appellees filed a motion for reargument which was denied.
Jan C. Trendowski, with whom, on the brief, was Justin J. Donnelly, Sr., for the appellant (plaintiff).
Laurence V. Parnoff, with whom, on the brief, was Kathryn L. Braun, for the appellees (defendants).
The central issue in this appeal is whether an employee who is injured while operating his employer's automobile during the course of his employment is precluded by General Statutes 31-284(a) from collecting uninsured motorist benefits under his employer's automobile liability insurance policy. The defendant, Frank Colman (Colman), was injured in a collision with another motor vehicle while operating his employer's personal automobile during the course of his employment. After exhausting the third party tortfeasor's liability coverage and receiving workers' compensation benefits, Colman commenced a compulsory arbitration proceeding against the plaintiff, CNA Insurance Company (CNA), which insured the automobile driven by Colman, to recover uninsured motorist benefits. Although the arbitration panel ruled that Colman was entitled to such coverage, the trial court granted CNA's motion to vacate the award. As a result of Colman's appeal to the Appellate Court, the arbitral award was reinstated. CNA Ins. Co. v. Colman, 25 Conn. App. 651, 595 A.2d 949 (1991). We then granted CNA's petition for certification and now reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.
General Statutes 31-284 provides in pertinent part: "(a) An employer shall not be liable to any action for damages on account of personal injury sustained by an employee arising out of and in the course of his employment or on account of death resulting from personal injury so sustained, but an employer shall secure compensation for his employees as follows, except that compensation shall not be paid when the personal injury has been caused by the wilful and serious misconduct of the injured employee or by his intoxication. All rights and claims between employer and employees, or any representatives or dependents of such employees, arising out of personal injury or death sustained in the course of employment as aforesaid are abolished other than rights and claims given by this chapter, provided nothing herein shall prohibit any employee from securing, by agreement with his employer, additional benefits from his employer for such injury or from enforcing such agreement for additional benefits." Although this statute was amended, effective July 1, 1991, by Public Acts 1991, No. 32, 7, 41, the changes are not pertinent to this appeal.
In this opinion, the term uninsured motorist benefits encompasses underinsured motorist benefits as well.
Frank Colman's wife is also a defendant in this case. As used in this decision, Colman refers to the named defendant.
We granted certification limited to the following question: "Is an employee who is injured in the course of his employment and who has received workers' compensation benefits barred from receiving uninsured or underinsured motorist benefits from his employer pursuant to Connecticut General Statutes section 31-284(a)?" CNA Ins. Co. v. Colman, 220 Conn. 920, 597 A.2d 341 (1991).
The pertinent facts are not in dispute. On July 11, 1983, Colman was involved in an automobile accident while driving his employer's personal automobile within the scope of his employment. CNA insured the automobile, along with three others owned by Colman's employer, under a personal automobile liability policy. Each of the four vehicles carried $40,000 in uninsured motorist coverage.
Prior to making his claim under the CNA uninsured motorist policy, Colman had exhausted the third party tortfeasor's liability coverage of $20,000 and had received workers' compensation benefits of $38,758.67. The central issue before the arbitration panel was "whether or not [Colman was] barred from pursuing an action for damages against [CNA] because of having been awarded Workman's [sic] Compensation benefits from his employer." The arbitration panel concluded that, because Colman's action for uninsured motorist benefits was based on a "contractual concept" that existed between Colman and CNA, Colman was entitled to recover benefits despite having already received workers' compensation benefits.
The trial court granted CNA's application to vacate the arbitration award in reliance on Ross v. New Haven, 19 Conn. App. 169, 561 A.2d 457 (1989), which had held that 31-284(a) made benefits under the Workers' Compensation Act the exclusive remedy for work-related injury claims against an employer. The court further concluded that uninsured motorist benefits under CNA's policy of insurance did not qualify as "additional benefits" under 31-284(a).
Because arbitration of coverage issues was compulsory pursuant to General Statutes 38-175c, the trial court properly subjected the arbitrator's interpretation of the law to de novo review. Bodner v. United Services Automobile Assn., 222 Conn. 480, 610 A.2d 1212 (1992); American Universal Ins. Co. v. DelGreco, 205 Conn. 178, 530 A.2d 171 (1987).
The Appellate Court reversed the judgment of the trial court. It concluded that 31-284(a) "does not bar an employee who has received workers' compensation benefits from also obtaining uninsured or underinsured motorist benefits" from his employer's insurer. CNA Ins. Co. v. Colman, supra, 653. Its conclusion was based in part on its reading of our decision in Wilson v. Security Ins. Co., 213 Conn. 532, 569 A.2d 40, cert. denied, 498 U.S. 814, 111 S.Ct. 52, 112 L.Ed.2d 28 (1990), as having implicitly overruled Ross v. New Haven, supra. CNA Ins. Co. v. Colman, supra, 652.
Having been granted certification to appeal, CNA contends that 31-284(a): (1) bars any work-related claim for uninsured motorist benefits under an insurance policy procured by the employer; and (2) bars such a claim even though the insurance at issue is an employer's personal automobile liability insurance. We agree.
We have today concluded, in the companion case of Bouley v. Norwich, 222 Conn. 744, 610 A.2d 1245 (1992), that an employee who has received workers' compensation benefits for injuries that occurred during the course of his employment is precluded by the clear language of 31-284(a) from recovering uninsured motorist benefits from his self-insured employer. We must decide in this case whether the same rule applies when the employer is not self-insured, and thus the employee's claim is brought against a commercial insurance provider on an uninsured motorist insurance policy procured by the employer.
Colman maintains that his claim against CNA is not barred by the workers' compensation exclusivity provision because "[i]nsurance companies, like everyone else, should be held accountable for both their acts and their contracts," and because "[t]he benefits sought are contractual benefits from CNA, not from any 'employer.'" His contention has three subparts: (1) his claim is statutory or contractual, and hence is not a personal injury claim; (2) his claim involves only the contractual liability of CNA; and (3) his claim is a special agreement that is expressly excluded from the exclusivity provision by 31-284(a). We find none of these arguments persuasive.
We have already determined in Bouley that, in an action against the employer, the statutory or contractual basis of uninsured motorist coverage does not exempt a claim for such benefits from the purview of the exclusivity provision of the Workers' Compensation Act. Bouley v. Norwich, supra, 756. The characterization of the employee's claim does not take on special significance just because the employee is pursuing an action against the employer's insurer.
The fact that the employee's suit is based on an uninsured motorist insurance policy issued by a commercial insurer does not warrant a departure from the exclusive remedy policy of our Workers' Compensation Act. Colman's employer procured and paid for the insurance policy under which Colman is seeking benefits in this case. "Under the Workers' Compensation Act, both the employer and the employee have relinquished certain rights to obtain other advantages." Bouley v. Norwich, supra, 752. Pursuant to this compromise, the employer is insulated from bearing any costs arising out of workplace injuries in excess of those provided by workers' compensation. See Pokorny v. Getta's Garage, 219 Conn. 439, 454-55, 594 A.2d 446 (1991); Jett v. Dunlap, 179 Conn. 215, 217, 425 A.2d 1263 (1979). Claims paid by an employer's insurer will presumably be reflected in the insurance premium that the employer must pay. It follows therefore that CNA, as the alter ego of its insured, the employer, must have the right to refuse to pay benefits to an employee injured during the course of employment above and beyond the legal liability of the employer. See Wagner v. National Indemnity Co., 492 Pa. 154, 165, 422 A.2d 1061 (1980) (exclusiveness of Workers' Compensation Act barred employee's claim for no-fault benefits against employer's insurer "for an insurer provides coverage for an employer's possible liability and has no independent basis for liability on its own part"); compare Mathis v. Interstate Freight, 408 Mich. 164, 181, 289 N.W.2d 708 (1980) (statute allowing employee's direct cause of action against employer's no-fault insurance carrier); see also 2A A. Larson, Workmen's Compensation (1992) 65.11, p. 12-1 ("Once a workmen's compensation act has become applicable . . . it affords the exclusive remedy for the injury by the employee . . . against the employer and insurance carrier." Because of the central role that the exclusive remedy provision plays in our workers' compensation law, an employee who can receive workers' compensation benefits is therefore barred from collecting under his employer's uninsured motorist coverage, whether that coverage is provided through self-insurance or through a commercial insurance policy.
We also reject Colman's contention that the CNA insurance policy falls within a statutory exemption to the workers' compensation exclusivity provision. While 31-284(a) provides that an employee may secure "by agreement with his employer, additional benefits from his employer" for injuries sustained during the course of employment, there is no evidence in the present case that such an agreement for additional benefits existed. The only contract in this case was between Colman's employer and CNA. See also Bouley v. Norwich, supra, 755.
Finally, we can discern no reason to depart from our holding in Bouley on the ground that the automobile in which Colman was injured was insured pursuant to a personal automobile liability policy. While the personal nature of the coverage might be relevant to the issue of "stacking"; see Cohn v. Aetna Ins. Co., 213 Conn. 525, 529-32, 569 A.2d 541 (1990); it is not relevant to the issue of whether a claim for uninsured motorist benefits is precluded by the Workers' Compensation Act.
See my dissent in Bouley v. Norwich, 222 Conn. 744, 765-68, 610 A.2d 1245 (1992).