Cholakyan v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC

Full title: Tigran CHOLAKYAN, individually and behalf of all others similarly…

Court: United States District Court, Ninth Circuit, California, C.D. California

Date published: Jun 30, 2011

796 F. Supp. 2d 1220 (C.D. Cal. 2011)

Opinion

[Copyrighted Material Omitted] [Copyrighted Material Omitted]

         Dara Tabesh, Erotech Law Group PC, San Francisco, CA, Matthew Mendelsohn, Mazie Slater Katz & Freeman LLC, Roseland, NJ, Payam Shahian, Strategic Legal Practices, APC, Los Angeles, CA, Robert L. Starr, Law Office of Robert L. Starr, Woodland Hills, CA, for Plaintiff.

          Troy M. Yoshino, Billie D. Salinas, Eric J. Knapp, Matthew J. Kemner, Carroll Burdick & McDonough LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Defendant.

         ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS UNDER RULE 12(B)(1); GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS UNDER RULE 12(B)(6); DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO STRIKE CLASS ALLEGATIONS

          MARGARET M. MORROW, District Judge.

         On August 10, 2010, plaintiff filed this putative class action against Mercedes-Benz, USA, LLC (" MBUSA" ) claiming (1) violations of California's Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA), California Civil Code § 1750 et seq.; (2) violations of California's Secret Warranty Law, California Civil Code § 1795.90 et seq.; (3) violations of California's Unfair Competition Law (" UCL" ), California Business & Professions Code § 17200 et seq.; and (4) breach of implied warranty under the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, California Civil Code §§ 1792 and 1791.1 et seq.¹ On December 13, 2010, defendant filed a motion to dismiss and/or strike.² Plaintiff opposes defendant's motion.³           I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

1 Complaint, Docket No. 1 (Aug. 10, 2010), 1.

2 Motion to Dismiss Case for Lack of Standing and Failure to State a Claim and to Strike Class Allegations (" Motion" ), Docket No. 11 (Dec. 13, 2010); Declaration of Troy Yoshino in Support of Motion to Dismiss (" Yoshino Decl." ), Docket No. 11 (Dec. 13, 2010); Request for Judicial Notice in Support of Motion (" Mot. RJN" ), Docket No. 11 (Dec. 13, 2010).

3 Opposition to Motion to Dismiss (" Opposition" ), Docket No. 19 (Jan. 10, 2011); Declaration of Dara Tabesh in Support of Opposition (" Tabesh Decl." ), Docket No. 19 (Jan. 10, 2011); Request for Judicial Notion in Support of Opposition (" Opp. RJN" ), Docket No. 21 (Jan. 10, 2011).

         Plaintiff Tigran Cholakyan is a California citizen residing in Los Angeles County, California.⁴ On August 7, 2008, Cholakyan purchased a Certified Pre-Owned 2005 E-320 Mercedes Benz, with approximately 28,841 miles on its odometer, from Mercedes-Benz of Calabasas, California.⁵ In January 2010, he parked the vehicle at Burbank Airport before leaving for a weekend trip to Las Vegas.⁶ Upon his return, Cholakyan discovered that it had rained in Los Angeles, and that water had entered and flooded the interior cabin of his vehicle. Subsequently, in March 2010, the interior cabin of plaintiff's vehicle flooded again.⁷

4 Complaint, ¶ 17.

5 Id.

6 Id., ¶ 18.

7 Id., ¶ 19.

         Following the March 2010 incident, Cholakyan brought the vehicle to a Mercedes-Benz authorized dealer, and complained about the water leak and the damage that it had caused.⁸ He asserts that the dealer " verified" that the vehicle was experiencing a " water leak defect," ⁹ and advised Cholakyan that he would have to pay several hundred dollars, in addition to a diagnostic fee, to repair the water leak defect and resulting damage. ¹⁰ The cost of repairs was not covered under the Certified Pre-Owned vehicle warranty covering the vehicle.¹¹

8 Id., ¶ 20.

9 As explained in paragraph three of plaintiff's complaint, the complaint uses the term " water leak defect" to refer to " one or more design and/or manufacturing defects" that cause Class Vehicles " to be highly prone to water leaks and flooding, including but not limited to defects in the ... water drainage system, which is designed to prevent water from entering the vehicle during rain or when the vehicle is washed." ( Id., ¶ 3.)

10 Id., ¶ 20.

11 Id.

         Cholakyan seeks to represent a class of similarly situated persons who purchased or leased certain " defective Mercedes-Benz E-Class vehicles sold by defendant ... [during] model year[s] 2002 through 2009." ¹² He contends that defendant knew or should have known that the " Class Vehicles" contain one or more design and/or manufacturing defects that cause them to be highly prone to water leaks and flooding, including, but not limited to, defects in the Class Vehicles' water drainage system that is supposed to prevent water from entering the vehicle.¹³ Cholakyan alleges that the Class Vehicles' water drainage system is uniformly and inherently defective in materials, design, and workmanship because it fails to prevent water from entering the interior of the vehicle.¹⁴

12 Id., ¶ 1.

13 Complaint, ¶ 3.

14 Id., ¶ 4.

          Cholakyan also alleges that the Class Vehicles are inherently defective because the water leaks and water damage cause the vehicles to experience electrical failures.¹⁵ He asserts that, in light " of the danger of catastrophic engine and/or electrical system failure as a result of water entering and flooding a vehicle's interior cabin while the vehicle is in operation," the Class Vehicles present a safety hazard and are unreasonably dangerous to consumers. Specifically, Cholakyan contends that " the water leak defect can cause engine failure, suddenly and unexpectedly, at any time and under any driving condition or speed, thereby contributing to traffic accidents, which can result in personal injury or death." ¹⁶

15 Id.

16 Id., ¶ 5.

         In addition to these safety hazards, Cholakyan asserts that the cost of repairing the water leak defect is exorbitant, since consumers are " required to pay hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars ... to diagnose and repair the water leak defect and to repair the extensive damage that it causes to a vehicle's electrical system, computer system, and other" parts of the vehicle.¹⁷ As a result, Cholakyan alleges on information and belief, the Class Vehicles are not fit for their intended purpose of providing consumers with safe and reliable transportation.¹⁸

17 Id., ¶ 6.

18 Id., ¶ 7.

         Cholakyan contends that defendant actively concealed the water leak defect from him and other putative class members at the time they purchased or leased their vehicles, and at all times thereafter. He asserts on information and belief that as the number of consumer complaints about the water leak defect began to rise in 2008, defendant issued a secret technical service bulletin (" TSB" ) to its dealers, acknowledging the water leak defect and implementing cheap, albeit temporary, fixes, such as clearing and/or cleaning the water drainage system, adding seam sealers to parts of the vehicle that are susceptible to the water leak defect, and modifying the Class Vehicles' water drainage system by " [d]rill[ing] [an] additional drain hole." ¹⁹ The TSB describes the water leak defect as follows:

19 Id., ¶ 8.

" Water Entry at A-Pillar: ²⁰ If you receive customer reports in the [Class Vehicles] of water entry in the driver/front passenger foot well and in some cases accompanied with electrical faults due to water in the control units, this may be caused by a few different issues.... (2) Blocked water drain in the upper longitudinal member ²¹ under the front fender (blocked by debris).... (3) Rising water penetrates the interior compartment because of a lack of seam sealer on the double panel of the firewall/longitudinal member on the inside at the top.... (4) Mounting hole for the tilting/sliding roof drain hose, water may back up and overflow into interior.... ²²

20 The A-Pillars are vertical pillars, which make up part of the car frame, located on the left and right side of the windshield. (Opposition at 2.)

21 The longitudinal member is part of the water drainage system located under the hood and front fender. ( Id., ¶ 47 n. 1.)

22 Id., ¶ 47.

          The TSB directs MBUSA dealers to perform the clearing, cleaning, resealing, and drainage system modification at no cost to consumers under warranty. ²³ Cholakyan contends, however, that the " clandestine, free clearing, resealing and drainage system modification" is not available to all customers, but is " strictly limited to the most persistent customers ... who complain loudly enough, regardless of whether or not their vehicles are covered under MBUSA's warranty." ²⁴ He asserts that, to mollify such customers, defendant implemented " another clandestine program to secretly reimburse or pay for repair costs of those Class Vehicles that suffer from the water leak defect and the related damage it causes," even when the damage occurs outside the vehicle's warranty period. ²⁵ This second " clandestine program" is also strictly limited to those customers who " continuously persisted and demanded free repairs, modifications, or reimbursements for water-leak-defect-related damage." He asserts that, although defendant refused to provide cost-free modifications or repairs for him and other prospective class members, it paid for such repairs when demanded by " noisy consumers." ²⁶

23 Id., ¶ 9.

24 Id.

25 Id., ¶ 10.

26 Id., ¶ 11.

         Cholakyan alleges on information and belief that " if defendant's secret, temporary fixes, including the modification of the drainage system, [are] successful, the effect of these fixes only last long enough to ensure that the manifestation of the water leak defect occurs outside of the warranty period [; ] ... they will not permanently remedy the water leak defect." ²⁷ This, he asserts, leaves consumers with defective vehicles that are " substantially certain" to experience a recurrence of the water leak defect, additional damage, and associated safety hazards.²⁸ Cholakyan contends, on information and belief, that defendant is aware that resealing and water drainage system modification does not fix the water leak defect; rather, he asserts, defendant has implemented these temporary fixes to prolong the amount of time that will elapse before the water leak defect again manifests itself, thus helping to ensure that the water leak defect occurs outside of the warranty period and shifting financial responsibility for the water leak defect to Class Members and their insurers.²⁹

27 Id., ¶ 12.

28 Id.

29 Id., ¶ 13.

         Cholakyan alleges that, although defendant received notice of the water leak defect from " numerous consumer complaints and dealership repair orders," it did not offer customers a suitable repair or replacement free of charge, nor to reimburse class members for costs they incurred diagnosing and repairing water damage.³⁰ He contends that defendant knew and concealed the defects present in every Class Vehicle, together with the attendant safety problems and repair costs, both at the time of sale and thereafter.³¹ He maintains that, had he and other class members known of the defects at the time they purchased or leased their vehicles, they would not have purchased or leased, or would have paid a lesser price to take the defects into account.³² As a result, he asserts, class members have " suffered ascertainable loss of money, property, and/or value of their Class Vehicles." ³³ In addition, he maintains that class members have suffered damage as a consequence of continuous, progressive, and repeated problems associated with the water leaks. ³⁴

30 Id., ¶ 14.

31 Id., ¶ 15.

32 Id.

33 Id.

34 Id., ¶ 16.

         II. DISCUSSION

         A. Legal Standard Governing Motions To Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(1)

          A party mounting a Rule 12(b)(1) challenge to the court's jurisdiction may do so either on the face of the pleadings or by presenting extrinsic evidence for the court's consideration. See White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir.2000) (" Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attacks can be either facial or factual" ); Thornhill Publishing Co. v. General Tel. & Electronics, 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir.1979) (facial attack); Meliezer v. Resolution Trust Co., 952 F.2d 879, 881 (5th Cir.1992) (challenge based on extrinsic evidence). Whatever the nature of the challenge, plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear the action. See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994); Stock West, Inc. v. Confederated Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir.1989).

         There is an important difference between Rule 12(b)(1) motions attacking the complaint on its face and those that rely on extrinsic evidence. In ruling on the former, courts must accept the allegations of the complaint as true. See Valdez v. United States, 837 F.Supp. 1065, 1067 (E.D.Cal.1993), aff'd., 56 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir.1995). In deciding the latter, courts may weigh the evidence presented, and determine the facts in order to evaluate whether they have the power to hear the case. See Roberts v. Corrothers, 812 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th Cir.1987). The " court may not[, however,] resolve genuinely disputed facts where ‘ the question of jurisdiction is dependent on the resolution of factual issues going to the merits.’ " Id. (quoting Augustine v. United States, 704 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir.1983)). See also Rosales v. United States, 824 F.2d 799, 803 (9th Cir.1987) (" A district court may hear evidence and make findings of fact necessary to rule on the subject matter jurisdiction question prior to trial, if the jurisdictional facts are not intertwined with the merits" ).

         Where jurisdiction is intertwined with merits, " the district court [must] assume[ ] the truth of the allegations in a complaint ... unless controverted by undisputed facts in the record," Roberts, 812 F.2d at 1177, or treat the motion as a motion for summary judgment, Careau Group v. United Farm Workers, 940 F.2d 1291, 1293 (9th Cir.1991) (" where jurisdiction is so intertwined with the merits that its resolution depends on the resolution of the merits, ‘ the trial court should employ the standard applicable to a motion for summary judgment’ " ). See also Islands, Inc. v. United States Bureau of Reclamation, 64 F.Supp.2d 966, 968 (E.D.Cal.1999) (" A court is required to convert a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss into a Rule 12(b)(6) motion or Rule 56 summary judgment motion when resolution of the jurisdictional question is intertwined with the merits of the case" ), vacated on other grounds, 10 Fed.Appx. 491 (9th Cir.2001); Laurence v. United States, No. C-93-0381-DLJ, 1993 WL 266657, *2 (N.D.Cal. July 8, 1993) (same).

         1. Legal Standard Governing Standing in Federal Courts

          The standing doctrine ensures that a litigant is the proper party to bring an action by asking if that litigant has a sufficient stake in the matter to invoke federal judicial process. To establish Article III standing, " a plaintiff's complaint must establish that he has a ‘ personal stake’ in the alleged dispute, and that the alleged injury suffered is particularized as to him." Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 819, 117 S.Ct. 2312, 138 L.Ed.2d 849 (1997). The plaintiff has the burden " of establishing the three elements of Article III standing: (1) that plaintiff [ ] ... suffered an injury in fact that was concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent; (2) that the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct; and (3) that the injury was likely to be redressed by a favorable court decision." Levine v. Vilsack, 587 F.3d 986, 991-992 (9th Cir.2009). Each of these elements " must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation." Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). See also Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000) (explaining that to satisfy the standing requirements of Article III, a plaintiff must show, inter alia, that it has suffered " an ‘ injury in fact’ that is ... concrete and particularized and ... not conjectural or hypothetical" ); Smelt v. County of Orange, 447 F.3d 673, 682 (9th Cir.2006) (" The burden of showing that there is standing rests on the shoulders of the party asserting it" ); Carroll v. Nakatani, 342 F.3d 934, 945 (9th Cir.2003) (" The party invoking federal jurisdiction, not the district court, bears the burden of establishing Article III standing" ). See also Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 518, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975) ( " It is the responsibility of the complainant [at the pleadings stage] clearly to allege facts demonstrating that he is a proper party to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute and the exercise of the court's remedial powers" ).

          In the class action context, " [t]he Lead Plaintiff['s] individual standing is a threshold issue." In re Verisign, Inc., No. C 02-02270 JW(PVT), 2005 WL 88969, *4 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 13, 2005) (citing O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 494, 94 S.Ct. 669, 38 L.Ed.2d 674 (1974) (" [I]f none of the named plaintiffs purporting to represent a class establishes a requisite of a case or controversy with the defendant, none may seek relief on behalf of herself or himself or any other member of the class" )); Lierboe v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 350 F.3d 1018, 1022 (9th Cir.2003) (" [O]ur law makes clear that ‘ if none of the named plaintiffs purporting to represent a class establishes the requisite of a case or controversy with the defendants, none may seek relief on behalf of himself or any other member of the class,’ " citing O'Shea, 414 U.S. at 494, 94 S.Ct. 669). See also Cornett v. Donovan, 51 F.3d 894, 897 n. 2 (9th Cir.1995) (" [I]f the representative parties do not have standing, the class does not have standing" ).

         2. Legal Standard Governing Standing Under the CLRA and UCL

          In addition to the " ‘ irreducible constitutional minimum of standing,’ " Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 102-03, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130), plaintiff must satisfy particular requirements to assert claims under the CLRA and UCL. " In order to establish standing [to assert a] CLRA claim [a] Plaintiff[ ] must establish [that he] suffered an actual injury as a result of [defendant's] alleged conduct." Contreras v. Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc., No. C 09-06024 JSW, 2010 WL 2528844, *4 (N.D.Cal. Jun. 18, 2010) (citing Birdsong v. Apple, Inc., 590 F.3d 955, 959-60 (9th Cir.2009); and Aron v. U-Haul Co. of California, 143 Cal.App.4th 796, 802, 49 Cal.Rptr.3d 555 (2006)). In addition, " California requires a plaintiff suing under the CLRA for misrepresentations in connection with a sale to plead and prove she relied on a material misrepresentation." Brownfield v. Bayer Corp., No. 2:09-cv-00444-JAM-GGH, 2009 WL 1953035, *3 (E.D.Cal. July 6, 2009) (citing Caro v. Procter & Gamble Co., 18 Cal.App.4th 644, 668, 22 Cal.Rptr.2d 419 (1993)).

          " To establish standing under the Section 17200 claim, Plaintiffs must show they suffered an injury in fact and have lost money or property as a result of the alleged unfair competition." Contreras, 2010 WL 2528844 at *4 (citing Aron, 143 Cal.App.4th at 802, 49 Cal.Rptr.3d 555); see also Brownfield, 2009 WL 1953035 at *3 (" The UCL ... contain[s] specific standing requirements. The UCL prohibits any ‘ unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice.’ After Proposition 64, Section[ ] 17204 ... of the Business and Professions Code w[as] amended to require plaintiffs to ‘ have suffered injury in fact and lost money or property as a result of the unfair competition’ in order to bring UCL ... claims. Accordingly, ‘ after Proposition 64, a person seeking to represent claims on behalf of others must show that (1) she had suffered an actual injury in fact, and (2) such injury occurred as a result of the defendant's alleged unfair competition ...,’ " citing CAL. BUS. & PROF.CODE §§ 17200, 17203, 17204).

          To prevail on a UCL claim, therefore, a plaintiff must plead and prove " injury in fact." Where such a claim is premised on allegedly misleading communications, California courts require evidence of reliance before they will find that causation and " injury in fact" have been proved. See In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal.4th 298, 326, 93 Cal.Rptr.3d 559, 207 P.3d 20 (2009) (holding that a consumer suing a business under the " fraud" prong of the UCL must show actual reliance on the alleged misrepresentation, rather than a mere factual nexus between the business's conduct and the consumer's injury); Pfizer Inc. v. Superior Court, 182 Cal.App.4th 622, 630, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 795 (2010) (analyzing the impact of Proposition 64 on UCL claims and noting that a plaintiff " proceeding on a claim of misrepresentation as the basis of his or her UCL action must demonstrate actual reliance on the allegedly deceptive or misleading statements, in accordance with well-settled principles regarding the element of reliance in ordinary fraud actions" ).

         3. Whether Plaintiff Has Standing to Assert His State Law Claims

         Defendant advances two arguments as to why Cholakyan has not suffered injury in fact: (1) he has not alleged that his vehicle manifested the alleged water leak defect, and (2) he has not alleged that he incurred out-of-pocket damages. ³⁵ See Contreras, 2010 WL 2528844 at *5 (" First, Plaintiffs do not allege that their vehicles have manifested the alleged defect. Second ... Plaintiffs do not allege that they were forced to replace their vehicles after learning of the alleged defect or that they incurred any out-of-pocket damages" ).

35 Motion at 5.

          The court addresses defendant's second contention first. Cholakyan alleges that he took his vehicle to a Mercedes-Benz dealer in March 2010 after water entered the interior of the car.³⁶ He asserts that the dealer confirmed that his vehicle suffered from the water leak defect,³⁷ and advised him that he " would have to pay several hundred more dollars than he had already paid to repair the water leak and the damage it had caused." ³⁸ In response to defendant's assertion that he suffered no " out-of-pocket damages," Cholakyan has produced the receipt he received from the Mercedes authorized dealership in March 2010.³⁹ This receipt reveals that he paid $136.00 to have the water leak in his vehicle diagnosed. ⁴⁰ It also reveals that Cholakyan declined to have the defect repaired. Defendant contends the fact that Cholakyan's out-of-pocket expenses concern diagnosis, rather than repair, of the alleged defect is fatal to his claim.⁴¹ It cites no authority for this proposition, however, nor does it appear to be an accurate statement of the law. Cholakyan need only allege that he suffered a concrete financial loss to demonstrate actual injury in fact. See Steele v. Hospital Corp. of America, 36 F.3d 69, 71 (9th Cir.1994) (allegations of a " concrete financial loss" suffice to confer standing). See also Sanchez v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 2:06-CV-2573 JAM KJM, 2008 WL 3272101, *3 (E.D.Cal. Aug. 6, 2008) (" To have standing under the UCL Sanchez need only demonstrate that she spent or lost money due to an unfair business practice. Direct victims of an unfair business practice may obtain an order of restitution to recover money lost from an unfair practice as well as injunctive relief. Through this action, Sanchez seeks an order of restitution to recover money lost from having to replace an allegedly defective stroller that she purchased from Wal-Mart due to an unfair business practice.... This is minimally sufficient to confer standing to assert a claim for relief under the UCL" ). Accordingly, since plaintiff incurred a concrete financial loss, in the form of ascertainable out-of-pocket damages, plaintiff has demonstrated an injury-in-fact under both California and federal law.

36 Complaint, ¶ ¶ 20-22.

37 Id., ¶ 21.

38 Id., ¶ 22.

39 Tabesh Decl., Exh. B.

40 Id. at 2.

41 Reply in Support of Motion (" Reply" ), Docket No. 23 (Jan. 26, 2011).

         Turning to defendant's remaining contention, as noted, Article III standing requires injury which is " fairly traceable to the challenged conduct." Levine, 587 F.3d at 991-992 (emphasis added). The gravamen of Cholakyan's complaint is that defendant knew the Class Vehicles had a water leak defect, as outlined in the TSB, and defrauded customers by failing to disclose that the vehicles were prone to water leaks and flooding, and that the defect posed safety concerns for operators of the vehicles. He also alleges that customers who constantly complained were treated differently than he and members of the putative class in terms of the type of repair or modification services defendant provided. To have standing to assert UCL and CLRA claims based on these allegations, therefore, Cholakyan must allege that his vehicle experienced the water leak defect described in the TSB.

         The TSB describes " water entry" at the A-Pillars— the car frame parts located on either side of the windshield— and advises dealers that if they receive customer complaints of " water entry in the driver/front passenger foot well ... this may be caused by a few different issues.... (2) Blocked water drain in the upper longitudinal member ⁴² under the front fender (blocked by debris).... (3) Rising water penetrates the interior compartment because of a lack of seam sealer on the double panel of the firewall/longitudinal member on the inside at the top ... [and] (4) Mounting hole for the tilting/sliding roof drain hose, water may back up and overflow into interior...." ⁴³

42 The longitudinal member is part of the water drainage system located under the hood and front fender. ( Id., ¶ 47 n. 1.)

43 Id., ¶ 47.

          Defendant contends that plaintiff's " only leaks were through other perimeter seals— not through the A-Pillar drains," and that leaks through the A-Pillar would manifest as water leaking through the windshield.⁴⁴ It proffers no evidence that compels this conclusion, however, and the court notes that the portion of the TBS quoted in the complaint that concerns A-Pillar leaks mentions that leaks through the foot well can have other causes. This suggests that at least one cause of foot well water may be leaking through the A-Pillar. Cholakyan experienced leaking in the foot well; the service order for his vehicle states " cust[omer] says when opening drivers door water rushed out." ⁴⁵ The service order also states that the mechanic who serviced Cholakyan's vehicle diagnosed a failure of the " LIC seal" and " driver's door seal." ⁴⁶ The driver's door seal would appear, at least in part, to seal the door to the A-Pillar near the front area of the door and window; thus, even if defendant is correct that A-Pillar leaks manifest only around the windshield— which the court cannot determine from information presently in the record— Cholakyan's vehicle experienced a leak in that very area.

44 Motion at 2.

45 Tabesh Decl., Exh. A.

46 Id.

         At least at this stage of the litigation, the court concludes that Cholakyan has made an adequate showing that he experienced the defect alleged in the complaint, and thus suffered injury in fact fairly traceable to defendant's conduct. See In re Toyota Motor Corp. Unintended Acceleration Marketing, Sales Practices, and Products Liability Litig., 754 F.Supp.2d 1145, 1161 (C.D.Cal.2010) (" Standing merely requires a redressable injury that is fairly traceable to Defendants' conduct. Whether a plaintiff can recover for that injury under a particular theory of liability is a separate question. Here, Plaintiffs allege economic loss injuries, which may or may not be recoverable under Plaintiffs' claims in the MCC. These alleged economic injuries are sufficient" ). Consequently, for the present, Cholakyan has met his burden of demonstrating that the court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear the action. See Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673; Stock West, Inc., 873 F.2d at 1225.⁴⁷

47 As noted, plaintiff bears the burden of proving that he has standing to sue at all stages of the litigation " ‘ with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation.’ " Lopez v. Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 785 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130).

         B. Standard Governing Motions to Dismiss Under 12(b)(6)

         A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the complaint. A Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is proper only where there is either a " lack of a cognizable legal theory," or " the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory." Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1988). The court must accept all factual allegations pleaded in the complaint as true, and construe them and draw all reasonable inferences from them in favor of the nonmoving party. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337-38 (9th Cir.1996); Mier v. Owens, 57 F.3d 747, 750 (9th Cir.1995).

          The court need not, however, accept as true unreasonable inferences or legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations. See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 553-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (" While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the ‘ grounds' of his ‘ entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do" ). Thus, a plaintiff's complaint must " contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘ state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ... A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (" Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact)" (citations omitted)); Moss v. United States Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir.2009) (" [F]or a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss, the non-conclusory ‘ factual content,’ and reasonable inferences from that content, must be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief," citing Iqbal and Twombly ).

         C. The Heightened Pleading Requirements of Rule 9(b)

         The parties agree that Cholakyan's UCL and CLRA claims " sound in fraud," and are therefore subject to the heightened pleading requirement of Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1103-04 (9th Cir.2003) (" In cases where fraud is not a necessary element of a claim, a plaintiff may choose nonetheless to allege in the complaint that the defendant has engaged in fraudulent conduct. In some cases, the plaintiff may allege a unified course of fraudulent conduct and rely entirely on that course of conduct as the basis of a claim. In that event, the claim is said to be ‘ grounded in fraud’ or to ‘ sound in fraud,’ and the pleading of that claim as a whole must satisfy the particularity requirement of Rule 9(b)" ); In re Stac Elecs. Sec. Litig., 89 F.3d 1399, 1404-05 (9th Cir.1996) (" We now clarify that the particularity requirements of Rule 9(b) apply to claims brought under Section 11 [of the 1933 Securities Act] when, as here, they are grounded in fraud" ).

         Rule 9(b) requires that the facts constituting the fraud be pled with specificity. Conclusory allegations are insufficient. FED. R. CIV. PROC. 9(b); Moore v. Kayport Package Exp., Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 540 (9th Cir.1989) (" A pleading is sufficient under Rule 9(b) if it identifies the circumstances constituting fraud so that a defendant can prepare an adequate answer to the allegations. While statements of the time, place and nature of the alleged fraudulent activities are sufficient, mere conclusory allegations of fraud are insufficient" ). See also Walling v. Beverly Enters., 476 F.2d 393, 397 (9th Cir.1973) (concluding that allegations stating the time, place, and nature of allegedly fraudulent activities meet Rule 9(b)'s particularity requirement).

         Rule 9(b) " does not require nor make legitimate the pleading of detailed evidentiary matter." All that is necessary is " identification of the circumstances constituting fraud so that the defendant can prepare an adequate answer from the allegations." Walling, 476 F.2d at 397 (alleging in conclusory fashion that defendant's conduct was fraudulent was not sufficient under Rule 9(b)). See also Miscellaneous Serv. Workers Local # 427 v. Philco-Ford Corp., 661 F.2d 776, 782 (9th Cir.1981) (holding that Rule 9(b) requires a pleader to set forth the " time, place and specific content of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentation" ).

         1. Legal Standard Governing UCL Claims

          Under the UCL, any person or entity that has engaged, is engaging, or threatens to engage " in unfair competition may be enjoined in any court of competent jurisdiction." CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE §§ 17201, 17203. " Unfair competition" includes " any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising." Id., § 17200. The California Supreme Court has construed the term broadly. See Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co., 20 Cal.4th 163, 180, 83 Cal.Rptr.2d 548, 973 P.2d 527 (1999) (" [Section 17200] defines ‘ unfair competition’ to include any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice.... Its coverage is sweeping, embracing anything that can properly be called a business practice and that at the same time is forbidden by law.... By proscribing any unlawful business practice, section 17200 borrows violations of other laws and treats them as unlawful practices that the unfair competition law makes independently actionable.... However, the law does more than just borrow. The statutory language referring to any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent practice ... makes clear that a practice may be deemed unfair even if not specifically proscribed by some other law. Because Business and Professions Code section 17200 is written in the disjunctive, it establishes three varieties of unfair competition— acts or practices which are unlawful, or unfair, or fraudulent" (internal quotations omitted)); see also Paulus v. Bob Lynch Ford, Inc., 139 Cal.App.4th 659, 676-77, 43 Cal.Rptr.3d 148 (2006) (" The purpose of the UCL ‘ is to protect both consumers and competitors by promoting fair competition in commercial markets for goods and services....' Thus, the scope of the UCL (Bus. & Prof.Code, § 17200 et seq.) is ‘ broad.’ It ‘ covers a wide range of conduct’ " (citations and footnote omitted)).

         2. Legal Standard Governing CLRA Claims

          The Consumers Legal Remedies Act (" CLRA" ) makes illegal various " unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices undertaken by any person in a transaction intended to result or which results in the sale or lease of goods or services to any consumer." CAL. CIV. CODE § 1770(a). Conduct that is " likely to mislead a reasonable consumer" violates the CLRA. Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc., 135 Cal.App.4th 663, 680, 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 36 (2006) (quoting Nagel v. Twin Laboratories, Inc., 109 Cal.App.4th 39, 54, 134 Cal.Rptr.2d 420 (2003)). A " reasonable consumer" is " the ordinary consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances," who " is not versed in the art of inspecting and judging a product, [or] in the process of its preparation or manufacture...." Id. (citing 1A CALLMANN ON UNFAIR COMPETITION, TRADEMARKS AND MONOPOLIES § 5:17(4th ed. 2004)).

         Section 1770(a)(3) prohibits " [m]isrepresenting the affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another," while § 1770(a)(4) bans the use of " deceptive representations or designations of geographic origin in connection with goods or services." The CLRA is to be " liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to protect consumers against unfair and deceptive business practices and to provide efficient and economical procedures to secure such protection." Colgan, 135 Cal.App.4th at 680, 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 36.

         3. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated a UCL or CLRA Claim ⁴⁸

48 Defendant mounts a single set of challenges to plaintiff's UCL and CLRA claims, denominating them " plaintiff's fraud-based claims." (Motion at 8.)

         Plaintiff predicates his UCL and CLRA claims on defendant's allegedly knowing and intentional failure to disclose to class members that, as a result of the water leak defect, the Class Vehicles were " defectively designed and/or manufactured, would fail prematurely, and were not suitable for their intended use." ⁴⁹ He also complains of defendant's purported representation that the Class Vehicles were " of a particular standard, quality, or grade when," when in fact they were of another.⁵⁰ Cholakyan contends that defendant's unfair and deceptive acts or practices occurred repeatedly and were thus capable of deceiving a substantial portion of the purchasing public. ⁵¹           " Under California law, there are four circumstances in which an obligation to disclose may arise: (1) when the defendant is in a fiduciary relationship with the plaintiff; (2) when the defendant had exclusive knowledge of material facts not known to the plaintiff; (3) when the defendant actively conceals a material fact from the plaintiff; and (4) when the defendant makes partial representations but also suppresses some material facts." Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 749 F.Supp.2d 980, 987 (N.D.Cal.2010) (citing LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal.App.4th 326, 337, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539 (1997)); and Cirulli v. Hyundai Motor Co., No. SACV 08-0854 AG (MLGx), 2009 WL 5788762, *3 (C.D.Cal. June 12, 2009) (" In Falk, the Northern District of California found that concealment or a failure to disclose can constitute actionable fraud under the CLRA in four situations: (1) when the defendant is in a fiduciary relationship with the plaintiff; (2) when the defendant had exclusive knowledge of material facts not known to the plaintiff; (3) when the defendant actively conceals a material fact from the plaintiff; and (4) when the defendant makes partial representations but also suppresses some material fact," citing Falk v. Gen. Motors Corp., 496 F.Supp.2d 1088, 1095 (N.D.Cal.2007) (quoting LiMandri, 52 Cal.App.4th at 327, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 539)).

49 Complaint, ¶ 101.

50 Id., ¶ 82.

51 Id., ¶ 83.

          Cholakyan does not allege that he has a fiduciary relationship with defendant, nor that defendant made a partial representation. Rather, he contends that defendant had exclusive knowledge of material facts, which it actively concealed from him and other putative class members.⁵² The facts within defendant's knowledge that were concealed must be material. See, e.g., Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., 544 F.Supp.2d 964, 970-71 (N.D.Cal.2008) (citing four LiMandri factors and stating " [t]he first condition is not in issue here. [A]ll of the other situations require materiality" ), aff'd, Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., 322 Fed.Appx. 489 (9th Cir.2009). " [I]n order for non-disclosed information to be material, a plaintiff must show that ‘ had the omitted information been disclosed, one would have been aware of it and behaved differently.’ " Oestreicher, 544 F.Supp.2d at 971 (quoting Falk, 496 F.Supp.2d at 1095, in turn quoting Mirkin v. Wasserman, 5 Cal.4th 1082, 1093, 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 101, 858 P.2d 568 (1993)). As noted, " [m]ateriality ... is judged by the effect on a ‘ reasonable consumer.’ " Id. (citing Consumer Advocates v. Echostar Satellite Corp., 113 Cal.App.4th 1351, 1360, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 22 (2003)).

52 Opposition at 13.

          " [W]here, as here, a plaintiff's claim is predicated on a manufacturer's failure to inform its customers of a product's likelihood of failing outside the warranty period, the risk posed by such asserted defect cannot be ‘ merely’ the cost of the product's repair ...; rather, for the omission to be material, the failure must pose ‘ safety concerns.’ " Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 987 (citing Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 144 Cal.App.4th 824, 835-38, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (2006)). " In other words, under California law, and as recently described by the Ninth Circuit: ‘ A manufacturer's duty to consumers is limited to its warranty obligations absent either an affirmative misrepresentation or a safety issue.’ " Id. (citing Oestreicher, 322 Fed.Appx. at 493) (affirming the dismissal of CLRA, UCL and fraudulent concealment claims because plaintiff failed to allege that defendant had ‘ affirmatively misrepresented its products' or that the alleged defect ‘ posed a threat to his own safety or the safety of others'). See also Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 987 (" The California Court of Appeal has held that a manufacturer cannot be found liable under the CLRA for failure to disclose a defect that manifests itself after expiration of the warranty period unless such omission (1) is ‘ contrary to a representation actually made by the defendant’ or (2) pertains to a ‘ fact the defendant was obligated to disclose,’ " quoting Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 835-36, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118).

         " Such rule is consistent with the policies underlying California warranty law. As noted in Daugherty:

" [V]irtually all product failures discovered in automobiles after expiration of the warranty can be attributed to a ‘ latent defect’ that existed at the time of sale or during the term of the warranty. All parts will wear out sooner or later and thus have a limited effective life. Manufacturers always have knowledge regarding the effective life of particular parts and the likelihood of their failing within a particular period of time.... [M]anufacturers ... can always be said to ‘ know’ that many parts will fail after the warranty period has expired. A rule that would make failure of a part actionable based on such ‘ knowledge’ would render meaningless time/mileage limitations on warranty coverage." Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 830-31, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (quoting Abraham v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 795 F.2d 238, 250 (2d Cir.1986) (alterations original)).

" Indeed, as noted by the district court in Oestreicher, ‘ the purpose of a warranty is to contractually mark the point in time during the useful life of a product when the risk of paying for repairs shifts from the manufacturer to the consumer.’ " Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 988 (citing Oestreicher, 544 F.Supp.2d at 972, and Abraham, 795 F.2d at 250).

" [T]he rule set forth in Daugherty is consistent with the general policy stated by the California Supreme Court that although ‘ [a] consumer should not be charged at the will of the manufacturer with bearing the risk of physical injury when he buys a product on the market,’ the consumer nevertheless ‘ can ... be fairly charged with the risk that the product will not match his economic expectations unless the manufacturer agrees that it will.’ " Id. (citing Seely v. White Motor Co., 63 Cal.2d 9, 18, 45 Cal.Rptr. 17, 403 P.2d 145 (1965)). See also Berenblat v. Apple Inc., Nos. 08-4969 JF (PVT), 09-1649 JF (PVT), 2009 WL 2591366, *5-7 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 21, 2009) (dismissing claims based on an allegedly defective computer component, because " [t]he failure to disclose a defect that might, or might not, shorten the effective life span of [a product] that functions precisely as warranted throughout the terms of the express warranty" is not actionable); Morgan v. Harmonix Music Systems, Inc., No. C08-5211 BZ, 2009 WL 2031765, *4 (N.D.Cal. July 7, 2009) (dismissing claims based on allegedly defective video game drum pedals because " [a]ccording to all of the relevant case law, defendants are only under a duty to disclose a known defect in a consumer product when there are safety concerns associated with the product's use" ); Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., No. C-09-2253 RMW, 2009 WL 3021240, *1 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 17, 2009) (dismissing a CLRA claim based on a manufacturer's alleged duty to disclose where the omission did not implicate safety concerns); Hoey v. Sony Electronics, Inc., 515 F.Supp.2d 1099, 1105 (N.D.Cal.2007) (finding that " [t]here is no authority that provides that the mere sale of a consumer electronics product in California can create a duty to disclose any defect that may occur during the useful life of the product" ).

          Here, defendant offered a New Vehicle Limited Warranty, which afforded coverage for the first four years or 50,000 miles of a vehicle's life. ⁵³ The warranty on Cholakyan's vehicle had expired by the time it experienced the water leak defect.⁵⁴ At that point, the vehicle was covered by a Limited Certified Pre-Owned Vehicle Warranty, which did not cover the cost of repairing the parts involved in the water leak defect in plaintiff's vehicle.⁵⁵ Thus, at the time the water leak defect damaged Cholakyan's vehicle, the parts and labor involved in repairing the vehicle were no longer covered by warranty. Because Cholakyan's CLRA claim is based on an allegation that defendant had a duty to disclose the water leak defect to him and other class members, it cannot succeed absent evidence of a " safety concern." See Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 835-38, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118.⁵⁶

53 Complaint, ¶ 10 (" Plaintiff ... alleges that to mollify those consumers who complain loudly enough, Defendant implemented [a] clandestine program to secretly reimburse or pay for repair costs of those Class Vehicles that suffer from the water leak defect and the related damage it causes ... even when the water leak defect and the related damage that it causes occurs outside a vehicle's 4-year/50,000 express warranty period" ).

54 Id., ¶ ¶ 18, 22.

55 Id.

56 There is no allegation that defendant affirmatively misrepresented facts concerning the water leak defect. See Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 835, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118.

         The TSB instructs dealers that " water entry in the driver/front passenger foot well" is, or may be, " in some cases accompanied with electrical faults due to water in the control units...." ⁵⁷ Citing this fact, Cholakyan contends that the Class Vehicles present a safety hazard and are unreasonably dangerous to consumers, because " of the danger of catastrophic engine and/or electrical system failure as a result of water entering and flooding a vehicle's interior cabin while the vehicle is in operation." Specifically, he asserts that " the water leak defect can cause engine failure, suddenly and unexpectedly, at any time and under any driving condition or speed, thereby contributing to traffic accidents, which can result in personal injury or death." ⁵⁸ Defendant argues that this allegation fails to state a CLRA claim. It asserts that the purported safety defects are speculative in nature, because there is no allegation that Cholakyan or any other class member ever experienced such a defect.⁵⁹

57 Id., ¶ 47.

58 Id., ¶ 5.

59 Motion at 11.

         In addition, defendant contends, the National Highway Transportation Safety Authority (NHTSA), " which sets and enforces safety performance standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment," rejects the notion that defects causing engine stalling necessarily amount to " safety defects." Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 990 (noting that NHTSA has consistently denied defect petitions alleging that an ignition lock defect created a safety concern). See, e.g., Denial of Motor Vehicle Defect Petition, 66 Fed.Reg. 55243 (Nov. 1, 2001) (denying a petition where the reported defect, inter alia, " caus[ed] [the] engine to stall" ).

          Drawing all inferences in Cholakyan's favor, the court finds defendant's argument unpersuasive at this stage of the litigation. Cholakyan has not alleged that the water leak defect caused engine stalling; rather, he asserts it causes sudden and unexpected engine failure that could result in personal injury or death. It is not implausible that the " electrical faults" described in the TSB could give rise to the safety concerns alleged in the complaint. Courts considering similar allegations have reached this conclusions. See Marsikian v. Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, No. CV 08-4876 AHM (JTLx), 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117012, *16-17 (C.D.Cal. May 4, 2009) (denying a motion to dismiss a CLRA claim where plaintiff alleged that Mercedes-Benz air intake systems were " susceptible to clogging" and that the defect could lead to " substantial electrical failure," because " it is not implausible that the [clogging] would cause ‘ catastrophic engine and electrical system failure’ while the car is on the road" ); Ehrlich v. BMW of North America, LLC, No. CV 10-1151 ABC (PJWx), 801 F.Supp.2d 908, 918, 2010 WL 7164974, *7 (C.D.Cal. Aug. 11, 2010) (denying a motion to dismiss a CLRA claim where " Plaintiff has alleged that he was injured by the defective windshields by having to replace the cracked windshield in his MINIs twice.... The alleged unreasonable risk of safety created by compromised windshields during rollover accidents is relevant to the materiality of BMW's omissions, and Plaintiff has alleged a plausible unreasonable safety risk that would have been material to the reasonable consumer," citing Marsikian, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117012 at *16-17).⁶⁰

60 At the hearing on defendant's motion, MBUSA argued that plaintiff had failed to allege the water leak defect with sufficient specificity because the complaint pleads that there are " one or more design and/or manufacturing defects" that cause Class Vehicles " to be highly prone to water leaks and flooding, including but not limited to defects in the ... water drainage system, which is designed to prevent water from entering the vehicle during rain or when the vehicle is washed." ( Id., ¶ 3.) MBUSA contended the Class Vehicles do not have a water drainage system— although it proffers no judicially noticeable support for this claim— and therefore that plaintiff's reference to defects in the water drainage system is insufficient as a matter of law. The court disagrees. Plaintiff is not required to plead the mechanical details of an alleged defect in order to state a claim. This conclusion is underscored by the court's decision in Ehrlich, where allegations of an unspecified " design flaw that caused the windshield in those vehicles to have a high propensity to crack or chip under circumstances that would not cause non-defective windshields to similarly fail" were found to be sufficient to state a claim. Ehrlich, No. CV 10-1151 ABC (PJWx), 801 F.Supp.2d at 912, at *1. Likewise, in Marsikian, the court found plaintiff's allegation that class vehicles had a " defective air intake system," which was part of the " climate control system," sufficient to state a claim. Marsikian, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117012 at *16-17. Plaintiff's allegation is as specific as these allegations, and must be accepted as true at this stage of the proceedings. The court therefore finds that the defect is adequately pled at this stage.

         The cases upon which defendant relies do not compel a contrary result. In Smith, the court concluded that the alleged defect— the failure of vehicles' automatic ignition locks— was a security risk rather than a safety concern, since the principal risk plaintiff identified was being unable to start the vehicle and being stranded in an unsafe location. 749 F.Supp.2d at 991 (" Having considered the parties' respective evidentiary showings and the applicable law, the Court agrees with Ford that the dangers envisioned by plaintiffs are speculative in nature, deriving in each instance from the particular location at which the driver initially has parked the vehicle and/or the driver's individual circumstances. Plaintiffs offer no evidence that the ignition-lock defect causes engines to shut off unexpectedly or causes individuals to stop their vehicles under dangerous conditions" ).

          In Daugherty, the court dismissed plaintiff's claims precisely because the complaint did not allege a safety defect. See Daugherty, 144 Cal.App.4th at 836, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (" Daugherty claims the complaint alleges Honda's knowledge of ‘ unreasonable risk’ to plaintiffs at the time of sale, but the ‘ unreasonable risk’ alleged is merely the risk of ‘ serious potential damages'— namely, the cost of repairs in the event the defect ever causes an oil leak. The sole allegation mentioning ‘ safety’ is the paragraph claiming punitive damages, and that paragraph merely asserts a legal conclusion: that Honda's conduct was ‘ carried on with a willful and conscious disregard for the safety of Plaintiffs and others, entitling Plaintiffs to exemplary damages under Civil Code § 3294’ " ). Here, by contrast, Cholakyan has alleged electrical faults and engine failures that could result in personal injury or death.

         Nor does the case law defendant cites suggest that the safety defect alleged in the complaint is speculative in nature. Tietsworth v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 720 F.Supp.2d 1123 (N.D.Cal.2010), examined plaintiff's allegations of a safety defect in a different context; namely, in order to assess whether plaintiff had alleged injury in fact. See Ehrlich, No. CV 10-1151 ABC (PJWx), 801 F.Supp.2d at 918, at *7 (" BMW points out that Plaintiff has not alleged that the defective windshields have actually caused injuries in any rollover accidents, relying on Tietsworth v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. BMW further speculates that injuries would not occur unless an owner makes a conscious decision to drive a MINI with a cracked windshield and then gets into a rollover accident. The Court is not persuaded by Tietsworth or BMW's arguments that Plaintiff must plead that consumers have been injured by the alleged unreasonable safety risk. Tietsworth approached the safety defect issue in terms of actual injury to the named plaintiffs, finding that they ‘ lacked standing’ to pursue their claims based on merely posited injuries" ). Here, because Cholakyan has alleged actual injury sufficiently at this stage of the litigation, Tietsworth is inapposite.

         In Birdsong v. Apple, Inc., 590 F.3d 955 (9th Cir.2009), plaintiffs challenged the safety of Apple's iPod, claiming that " (1) the iPod is capable of playing 115 decibels of sound; (2) consumers may listen at unsafe levels; and (3) iPod batteries can last 12 to 14 hours and are rechargeable, giving users the opportunity to listen for long periods of time." Id. at 958 (emphasis original). The court opined that, " [t]aken as true, such statements suggest only that users have the option of using an iPod in a risky manner, not that the product lacks any minimum level of quality." It concluded as a result that plaintiffs had not alleged injury in fact sufficient for Article III standing for this reason. Id. at 958-59. Here, as noted, Cholakyan has adequately alleged injury in fact for purposes of Article III standing. More fundamentally, a vehicle with the water leak defect does not function as expected— it cannot be argued, for example, that any car purchaser expects his vehicle's interior to experience periodic flooding. Nor is this a case in which the alleged harm depends on the manner of use of the product, rendering the injury entirely within Cholakyan's or another class member's control. Thus, Birdsong too is inapposite.

         Because Cholakyan has adequately alleged a safety defect, he has sufficiently pled a material failure to disclose for purposes of the UCL and CLRA. The court therefore denies defendant's motion to dismiss on this basis.⁶¹           4. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated a Claim for Violation of California's Secret Warranty Law

61 Defendant asserts, as an additional ground for dismissal, that plaintiff fails to state a CLRA claim because he did not enter into a transaction with defendant, in that he purchased a certified used vehicle from a Mercedes dealer rather than a new vehicle. (Motion at 13.) California courts have rejected the contention that purchasers of used vehicles have no cause of action against the car's manufacturer. See McAdams v. Monier, Inc., 182 Cal.App.4th 174, 186, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 704 (2010) (" We also pause here to note that a cause of action under the CLRA may be established independent of any contractual relationship between the parties," citing Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 369 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1144 (N.D.Cal.2005) (stating that " [p]laintiffs who purchased used cars have standing to bring CLRA claims, despite the fact that they never entered into a transaction directly with" the defendant auto manufacturer who manufactured, sold, and distributed automobiles containing an allegedly defective engine part)). Moreover, here, Cholakyan arguably entered into a transaction with Mercedes, given that he alleges that he purchased a Certified Pre-Owned vehicle from Mercedes-Benz of Calabasas, California, and received a limited Certified Pre-Owned warranty from the manufacturer.

          California's Secret Warranty Law provides that " [a] manufacturer shall, within 90 days of the adoption of an adjustment program, subject to priority for safety or emission-related recalls, notify by first-class mail all owners or lessees of motor vehicles eligible under the program of the condition giving rise to and the principal terms and conditions of the program." CAL. CIV. CODE § 1795.92(a); Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 995. " ‘ Adjustment program’ means any program or policy that expands or extends the consumer's warranty beyond its stated limit or under which a manufacturer offers to pay for all or any part of the cost of repairing, or to reimburse consumers for all or any part of the cost of repairing, any condition that may substantially affect vehicle durability, reliability, or performance, other than service provided under a safety or emission-related recall campaign. ‘ Adjustment program’ does not include ad hoc adjustments made by a manufacturer on a case-by-case basis." CAL. CIV. CODE § 1795.90(d); Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 995. A remedial strategy designed to resolve customer complaints is not classified as an " adjustment program" if it " expressly requires dealers to make decisions on a ‘ case-by-case’ basis, upon consideration of the circumstances pertaining at the time the customer makes the complaint." Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 996; Cirulli, 2009 WL 5788762 at *6 (" ‘ Adjustment program’ does not include ad hoc adjustments made by a manufacturer on a case-by-case basis, " citing CAL. CIV. CODE § 1795.90 (emphasis original)). California's Secret Warranty Law " allows consumers who incur expenses for repairing a condition subject to the adjustment program prior to learning of the program to file a claim for reimbursement with the manufacturer." Morris v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. C 07-02827, 2007 WL 3342612, *6 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 7, 2007) (citing CAL. CIV. CODE § 1795.92(d)-(e)).

         In Smith, the court held that an " After Warranty Assistance Program" offered by Ford, which made payments on a case-by-case basis for repairs not covered by any applicable warranty, did not qualify as an " adjustment program" because the program generally " covered repairs where a Ford vehicle was not performing to customer expectations and there [was] an opportunity for increased customer satisfaction and owner loyalty." Smith, 749 F.Supp.2d at 985. The court noted that Ford's program was not limited specifically to customers complaining of the defect alleged in the complaint— a malfunctioning of the automatic ignition lock— but rather, applied " generally to all customers who incur after-warranty repair costs." Id. at 996. It also found significant the fact that Ford directed its dealers to use discretion in making the program available to particular customers " on a case-by-case basis considering all factors, including past loyalty and the likelihood of favorably influencing the customer's satisfaction and future sales and service intentions." Id. For these reasons, the court concluded that Ford's program did not constitute a secret warranty actionable under § 1795.90. Id.

          In Cirulli, the court considered whether plaintiff— who was denied warranty coverage for premature corrosion experienced by his Hyundai Sonata— stated a claim under the Secret Warranty Law. 2009 WL 5788762 at *6. Plaintiff alleged that Hyundai " reflexively denied warranty claims for [some] repairs as untimely, while quietly paying for repairs for the most vocal [c]lass members on a case-by-case basis...." He also asserted that Hyundai " repaired or replaced certain customers' sub-frames free of charge due to corrosion outside the warranty period, purportedly as a gesture of ‘ goodwill.’ " Id. The court found that such allegations were squarely at odds with plaintiff's claim that defendant " provides aggrieved Sonata owners with a free replacement sub-frame as part of a ‘ silent recall’ program." Id. Accordingly, it concluded that he had failed to state a claim under the Secret Warranty Law because he failed to allege facts showing that defendant was operating an adjustment program within the meaning of the law. Id.

         By contrast, in Morris, the court considered whether BMW had violated the Secret Warranty Law where " [t]ires were not covered by BMW's express warranty, but after receiving numerous complaints about premature and uneven wear on these run-flat tires, BMW issued Technical Service Bulletin No. SI B 36 06 06 (‘ the TSB’ ). The TSB acknowledged that irregular and premature tire wear [was] occurring, often at less than 10,000 miles. Plaintiffs allege[d] that under the TSB, BMW offered to pay the full cost of replacing ... tires experiencing premature or irregular wear prior to 10,000 miles and ... also offered to pay half the cost of replacement for ... tires experiencing premature or irregular wear before 20,000 miles." 2007 WL 3342612 at *2. The court concluded that plaintiffs' allegation that BMW adopted a plan specifically to reimburse " purchasers of 3 series automobiles for replacement tires," rather than a more general plan, was sufficient to survive BMW's Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Morris, 2007 WL 3342612 at *2, *6-8.

          Here, Cholakyan alleges that the TSB was a secret warranty program, which extended class members' warranties beyond their original limits. ⁶² Defendant asserts that the plain language of the TSB compels the opposite conclusion; it notes that the TSB directs MBUSA dealers to perform the clearing, cleaning, resealing, and drainage system modification at no cost to consumers " under warranty. " ⁶³ Defendant is correct that, as alleged in the complaint, the TSB makes no mention of free repairs to vehicles no longer under warranty, but rather informs dealers of the possible causes of, and solutions for, water leak defects in Class Vehicles. Additionally, Cholakyan expressly alleges that the modification, repair and/or reimbursement program was limited to " the most persistent customers ... who complain loudly enough." ⁶⁴ As in Cirulli, therefore, his allegations are squarely at odds with his assertion that defendant implemented an adjustment program. 2009 WL 5788762 at *6.⁶⁵           While the court must, at the pleading stage, draw all inferences in Cholakyan's favor, it need not accept as true unreasonable inferences or legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 553-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (" While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the ‘ grounds' of his ‘ entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do" ); Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (stating that the complaint must " contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘ state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ... A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged" ). Since Cholakyan has failed to allege facts that would support a finding that the TSB extended warranty coverage beyond the original period or constituted an adjustment program, he has failed to meet the pleading requirements of Rule 8, and his secret warranty claim must be dismissed.

62 Complaint, ¶ ¶ 59-62.

63 Id., ¶ 9 (emphasis added).

64 Id., ¶ 10; see also id., ¶ 11.

65 At the hearing, plaintiff's counsel argued the complaint alleges that MBUSA has a blanket policy of providing warranty-type coverage for all customers who complain loudly enough, whether or not their vehicle is covered by MBUSA's express warranty. In fact, as noted, the complaint alleges that MBUSA does not offer to repair the alleged water leak defect for all customers who complain, but only for " the most persistent customers ... who complain loudly enough, regardless of whether or not their vehicles are covered under MBUSA's warranty." (Complaint, ¶ 9.) Because the complaint alleges that repairs are " strictly limited" to MBUSA's most vocal customers, it does not plead that MBUSA had a blanket policy of providing repairs. Indeed, as in Cirulli, plaintiff's allegations suggest that repairs are made on an ad hoc basis, and do not support a secret warranty claim as a result.

         5. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated a Claim for Breach of an Implied Warranty Under the Song-Beverly Act

         The Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (" Song-Beverly Act" ) was enacted to regulate warranties and strengthen consumer remedies for breaches of warranty. National R.V., Inc. v. Foreman, 34 Cal.App.4th 1072, 1077, 40 Cal.Rptr.2d 672 (1995). The act is intended to protect purchasers of " consumer goods," defined as " any new product or part thereof that is used, bought, or leased for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, except for clothing and consumables." CAL. CIV.CODE § 1791(a). Unless specific disclaimer methods are followed, an implied warranty of merchantability accompanies every retail sale of consumer goods in the state. CAL. CIV.CODE § 1792; see also Music Acceptance Corp. v. Lofing, 32 Cal.App.4th 610, 619, 39 Cal.Rptr.2d 159 (1995).

         As defined in the Song-Beverly Act, an implied warranty of merchantability guarantees that " consumer goods meet each of the following: (1) Pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; (2) Are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used; (3) Are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled; (4) Conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label." CAL. CIV. CODE § 1791.1(a). " Unlike express warranties, which are basically contractual in nature, the implied warranty of merchantability arises by operation of law.... [I]t provides for a minimum level of quality." American Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Superior Court, 37 Cal.App.4th 1291, 1295-96, 44 Cal.Rptr.2d 526 (1995).

         A plaintiff claiming breach of an implied warranty of merchantability must show that the product " did not possess even the most basic degree of fitness for ordinary use." Mocek v. Alfa Leisure, Inc., 114 Cal.App.4th 402, 406, 7 Cal.Rptr.3d 546 (2003) (citing CAL. COMM.CODE § 2314(2)); see also Pisano v. American Leasing, 146 Cal.App.3d 194, 198, 194 Cal.Rptr. 77 (1983) (" Crucial to the inquiry is whether the product conformed to the standard performance of like products used in the trade" ).

          The implied warranty of merchantability set forth in § 1791.1(a) requires only that a vehicle be reasonably suited for ordinary use, however. Stated differently, it need not be perfect in every detail so long as it " provides for a minimum level of quality." American Suzuki, 37 Cal.App.4th at 1296, 44 Cal.Rptr.2d 526 (quoting Skelton v. General Motors Corp., 500 F.Supp. 1181, 1191 (N.D.Ill.), rev'd. on other grounds, 660 F.2d 311 (7th Cir.1981)); see also 1 White & Summers, UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE, § 9-8 at 523 (4th ed. 1995) (" An item can " pass without objection" and yet be considerably short of perfection" ). The basic inquiry, therefore, is whether the vehicle was fit for driving. See Carlson v. General Motors Corp., 883 F.2d 287, 297 (4th Cir.1989) (" Since cars are designed to provide transportation, the implied warranty of merchantability is simply a guarantee that they will operate in a safe condition and substantially free of defects. Thus, where a car can provide safe, reliable transportation, it is generally considered merchantable" ), cert. denied, 495 U.S. 904, 110 S.Ct. 1923, 109 L.Ed.2d 287 (1990); Skelton, 500 F.Supp. at 1191 (" Automobiles are designed for driving, and therefore the question in this case is whether the GM vehicles at issue were fit for that purpose" ); American Suzuki, 37 Cal.App.4th at 1296, 44 Cal.Rptr.2d 526 (" Courts in other jurisdictions have held that in the case of automobiles, the implied warranty of merchantability can be breached only if the vehicle manifests a defect that is so basic it renders the vehicle unfit for its ordinary purpose of providing transportation" ); see also 1 White & Summers, UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE, § 9-8 at 523 (" Although more or less a synonym of ‘ fit for ordinary purposes,’ the ‘ pass without objection’ phrase focuses more clearly on trade usage, similar goods, and on the seller's conduct" ); Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc. v. Garten, 94 Md.App. 547, 563, 618 A.2d 233, 240 (Md.App.1993) (noting that " the car in question was accepted by another Mercedes-Benz dealer as a trade-in" in evaluating whether a 1990 300E " passed without objection in the trade under the contract description" ).

          A vehicle that has been materially damaged will not " pass without objection" in the trade as a " new car." See, e.g., Thomas v. Ruddell Lease-Sales, Inc., 43 Wash.App. 208, 214, 716 P.2d 911, 915 (Wash.App.1986) (" The evidence demonstrates that a significant segment of the buying public objects to buying a Corvette that has been damaged and repaired. Therefore, a wrecked and repaired Corvette does not pass without objection in the trade as a ‘ used Corvette’ " (emphasis original)); see also Currier v. Spencer, 299 Ark. 182, 186, 772 S.W.2d 309, 311 (Ark.1989) (" Currier warranted the car to be a one owner 1984 Datsun. What Spencer purchased was two-thirds of one car and one-third of another [welded together].... [T]he court [properly] found that the car could not ‘ pass without objection in the trade under the contract description’ " ); Luther v. Bud-Jack Corp., 72 Misc.2d 924, 926-27, 339 N.Y.S.2d 865, 868 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1972) (" Section 2-314 of the Uniform Commercial Code provides that in a sale of a new automobile such as occurred herein, the dealer gives to the purchaser an implied warranty of merchantability, [including] that ... the automobile would be at least such as would pass without objection in the trade under the contract description.... The jury was instructed that it had to determine, therefore, ... whether the 1971 Fiat which the plaintiff bought from the defendant complied with the standards of quality which a purchaser would ordinarily be entitled to expect when buying a new car of the same type" ). In this regard, California courts " reject the notion that merely because a vehicle provides transportation from point A to point B, it necessarily does not violate the implied warranty of merchantability. A vehicle that smells, lurches, clanks, and emits smoke over an extended period of time is not fit for its intended purpose." Isip v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, 155 Cal.App.4th 19, 27, 65 Cal.Rptr.3d 695 (2007).

          Whether a car provides a " minimum level of quality" is not determined by the manner in which it is operating at the time of sale. A vehicle that operates for some time after purchase may still be deemed " unfit for ordinary purposes" if its components are so defective that the vehicle becomes inoperable within an unacceptably short period of time. See, e.g., Hornberger v. General Motors Corp., 929 F.Supp. 884, 888 (E.D.Pa.1996) (" [A] material question of fact does exist as to whether a normal transmission of a newly leased vehicle would fail after being driven approximately 40,000 miles, rendering the car unfit for the purpose of driving and, therefore, unmerchantable" ). Thus, the " ‘ implied warranty of merchantability may be breached by a latent defect undiscoverable at the time of sale,’ so ‘ [i]n the case of a latent defect, a product is rendered unmerchantable, and the warranty of merchantability is breached, by the existence of the unseen defect, not by its subsequent discovery.’ " Ehrlich, No. CV 10-1151 ABC (PJWx), 801 F.Supp.2d at 922, at *11 (quoting Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co., 174 Cal.App.4th 1297, 1305-06, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 285 (2009)). See also id. (" In Mexia, the plaintiff brought a claim for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability under the Song-Beverly Act for a boat he purchased that contained a latent defect causing its engine to corrode. The plaintiff had purchased the boat on April 12, 2003, and the alleged defect arose in July 2005. The plaintiff took it an authorized boat dealer for repairs, but the condition persisted and the plaintiff sued on November 27, 2006, for a violation of the Song-Beverly Act. Citing the statute, the defendants argued that the plaintiff's latent defect claim expired one year after purchase, even though the defect manifested itself two years after purchase. The court concluded at the demurrer stage that the plaintiff's warranty claim over the alleged latent defect was not barred by the one-year duration provision in the Song-Beverly Act.... The court first rejected the argument because it ‘ ignores the distinction between unmerchantability caused by a latent defect and the subsequent discovery of the defect; the fact that the alleged defect resulted in destructive corrosion two years after the sale of the boat does not necessarily mean that the defect did not exist at the time of the sale,’ " citing Mexia, 174 Cal.App.4th at 1301-02, 1304-05, 1308, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 285.)

         Cholakyan alleges that, although he discovered it three years later, the water leak defect existed at the time of sale. He also asserts that the defect rendered his vehicle unfit the its intended use.⁶⁶ As defendant notes, however, the complaint contains no allegation that Cholakyan had his vehicle repaired after experiencing the water leak defect. Defendant argues that this fact is determinative, and demonstrates that Cholakyan's claim fails as a matter of law. There is some support for this proposition. See Mercedes-Benz of North America, 94 Md.App. at 562, 618 A.2d at 240 (" Mr. Garten put approximately 1800 miles on the car from April to May in 1990. This is hardly indicative of an individual who considers a car unsafe. There was no evidence that the car ever failed to start or failed to transport Mr. Garten where he needed to go" ).

66 Complaint, ¶ ¶ 3, 114-121.

          While Cholakyan's failure to allege that he had his vehicle repaired certainly weighs against his ability to recover on the claim, the complaint contains various allegations that, accepted as true, state a implied warranty of merchantability claim. Specifically, as noted, the complaint alleges that the water leak defect poses " the danger of catastrophic engine and/or electrical system failure as a result of water entering and flooding a vehicle's interior cabin while the vehicle is in operation...." It also asserts that " the water leak defect can cause engine failure, suddenly and unexpectedly, at any time and under any driving condition or speed, thereby contributing to traffic accidents, which can result in personal injury or death." ⁶⁷ Vehicles subject to engine failure cannot be said to be merchantable. Cf. Hornberger, 929 F.Supp. at 888 (" [A] material question of fact does exist as to whether a normal transmission of a newly leased vehicle would fail after being driven approximately 40,000 miles, rendering the car unfit for the purpose of driving and, therefore, unmerchantable" ). See Ehrlich, No. CV 10-1151 ABC (PJWx). 801 F.Supp.2d at 924, at *13 (" BMW also tries to distinguish Mexia on its facts, arguing that the plaintiff in that case alleged a latent defect that existed within the one-year time limit, whereas here, Plaintiff cannot claim that his MINI was not merchantable when he bought it because it provided safe and reliable transportation for over three years. However, Plaintiff has alleged a latent defect in the windshield existed at the time he purchased his MINI, and that the defect eventually caused the windshield to crack over three years after his purchase. As Mexia held, the fact that the alleged defect resulted in a cracked windshield three years after the sale of the MINI ‘ does not necessarily mean that the defect did not exist at the time of sale.’ Plaintiff has therefore adequately alleged a breach of the implied warranty that satisfies the one-year time period of section 1791.1.12," citing Mexia, 174 Cal.App.4th at 1308, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 285).⁶⁸

67 Id., ¶ 5.

68 Defendant contends Cholakyan cannot state a claim for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability because he does not allege that he is in vertical privity with it. (Motion at 17.) This appears to be inaccurate, since the complaint alleges that Cholakyan purchased a Certified Pre-Owned vehicle from Mercedes-Benz of Calabasas, California, with a warranty provided by the manufacturer. (Complaint, ¶ 17.) Other courts considering similar factual circumstances have held that individuals who purchase a vehicle from an authorized dealership can maintain an implied warranty cause of action against the manufacturer as third party beneficiaries. See In re Toyota Motor Corp. Unintended Acceleration Marketing, Sales Practices, and Products Liability Litigation, 754 F.Supp.2d 1145, 1185 (C.D.Cal.2010) (" [W]here a plaintiff pleads that he or she is a third-party beneficiary to a contract that gives rise to the implied warranty of merchantability, he or she may assert a claim for the implied warranty's breach. Here, Plaintiffs have pled that they purchased vehicles from a network of dealers who are agents of Defendants.... ‘ The dealers were not intended to be the ultimate consumers of the Defective Vehicles and have no rights under the warranty agreements provided with the Defective Vehicles; the warranty agreements were designed for and intended to benefit the ultimate consumers only.’ ... [Plaintiffs therefore] allege facts tending to support that they are third-party beneficiaries; therefore, Plaintiffs' breach of implied warranty claim is not precluded by the lack of vertical privity" ).

         Consequently, the court concludes that Cholakyan has met his burden under Rule 8, and denies defendant's motion to dismiss the Song-Beverly Act claim.

         D. Legal Standard Governing Motions to Strike Under Rule 12(f)

          Under Rule 12(f), the court may strike " any insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter." FED. R. CIV. PROC. 12(f). A motion to strike is properly granted where plaintiff seeks a form of relief that is not available as a matter of law. Rosales v. Citibank, Federal Savings Bank, 133 F.Supp.2d 1177, 1180 (N.D.Cal.2001) (" Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f), a party may move to strike ‘ any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.’ ... This includes striking any part of the prayer for relief when the relief sought is not recoverable as a matter of law" ); Bureerong v. Uvawas, 922 F.Supp. 1450, 1479 n. 34 (C.D.Cal.1996) (" ... a motion to strike may be used to strike any part of the prayer for relief when the damages sought are not recoverable as a matter of law" ).

         In ruling on a motion to strike under Rule 12(f), the court must view the pleading in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See California v. United States, 512 F.Supp. 36, 39 (N.D.Cal.1981). Thus, " [b]efore granting such a motion ..., the court must be satisfied that there are no questions of fact, that the [claim or] defense is insufficient as a matter of law, and that under no circumstance could [it] succeed." Tristar Pictures, Inc. v. Del Taco, Inc., No. CV 99-07655 DDP(Ex), 1999 WL 33260839, *1 (C.D.Cal. Aug. 31, 1999).

         1. Whether the Court Should Strike The Class Allegations From Plaintiff's Complaint

          Defendant argues that Cholakyan's class allegations should be stricken because the putative class is not ascertainable,⁶⁹ he is not a typical or adequate class representative,⁷⁰ and the class allegations raise multiple individualized issues.⁷¹ While defendant cites several cases for the proposition that class allegations can be stricken at the pleadings stage,⁷² it is in fact rare to do so in advance of a motion for class certification. See, e.g., In re Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wage and Hour Litig., 505 F.Supp.2d 609, 614-16 (N.D.Cal.2007) (" the granting of motions to dismiss class allegations before discovery has commenced is rare" ); Moreno v. Baca, No. CV007149ABC (CWx), 2000 WL 33356835, *2 (C.D.Cal.2000) (holding that defendants' motion to strike class allegations was premature because no motion for class certification had been filed); Myers v. MedQuist, Inc., No. 05-4608, 2006 WL 3751210, *4 (D.N.J.2006) (declining to strike class allegations because discovery had not yet commenced and observing that most courts deny such motions if brought prior to discovery); see also 7AA Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary K. Kane, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE CIVIL § 1785.3 (3d 2005) (noting that the practice employed in the overwhelming majority of class actions is to resolve class certification only after an appropriate period of discovery). See also In re Saturn L-Series Timing Chain Prods. Liab. Litig., No. MDL 1920, 08:07CV298, 08:08CV79, 2008 WL 4866604, *24 (D.Neb. Nov. 7, 2008) (" While Defendants note potential difficulties this Court may face in defining the class, these concerns do not justify a premature dismissal of all class allegations prior to the class certification stage. Defendants' arguments in support of premature dismissal are not persuasive since the cases they cite warranted premature dismissal on grounds that do not exist in this case. Even where ‘ plaintiffs' class definitions are suspicious and may in fact be improper, plaintiffs should at least be given the opportunity to make the case for certification based on appropriate discovery of, for example, the ... lists that they claim will identify the class members,’ " citing In re Wal-Mart Stores, 505 F.Supp.2d at 615); In re NVIDIA GPU Litig., No. C 08-04312 JW, 2009 WL 4020104, *13 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 19, 2009) (" A determination of the ascertainability and manageability of the putative class in light of the class allegations is best addressed at the class certification stage of the litigation" ); Shein v. Canon U.S.A., Inc., No. CV-08-07323CASEX, 2009 WL 3109721, *10 (C. D.Cal. Sept. 22, 2009) (" The Court finds that these matters are more properly decided on a motion for class certification, after the parties have had an opportunity to conduct class discovery and develop a record" ); In re Jamster Mktg. Litig., No. 05CV0819 JM (CAB), 2009 WL 1456632, *7 (S.D.Cal. May 22, 2009) (" Even though the arguments of [the defendant] may ultimately prove persuasive, the court declines to address issues of class certification at the present time. Piece-meal resolution of issues related to the prerequisites for maintaining a class action do not serve the best interests of the court or parties" ); Rosenberg v. Avis Rent A Car Sys., No. CIV A 07-1110, 2007 WL 2213642, *4 (E.D.Pa. July 31, 2007) (noting that defendant had used a motion to dismiss allegedly vague class action allegations " as an opportunity to attack the merits of the class itself" and concluding that such an attack was improper before a class certification motion had been filed); Brothers v. Portage Nat'l Bank, No. Civ. A 306-94, 2007 WL 965835, *7 (W.D.Pa. Mar. 29, 2007) (explaining that a Rule 12(b)(6) motion must not be used " as a vehicle for preempting a certification motion" ); Beauperthuy v. 24 Hour Fitness USA, Inc., No. 06-0715 SC, 2006 WL 3422198, *3 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 28, 2006) (finding that a motion to strike class allegations from a complaint " is an improper attempt to argue against class certification before the motion for class certification has been made and while discovery regarding class certification is not yet complete" ); Cole v. Asurion Corp., No. CV 06-6649PSGJTLX, 2008 WL 5423859, *14 (C.D.Cal. Dec. 30, 2008) (" Undoubtedly, addressing these arguments at a later date will require additional time and expense on the part of the defendants. But the Court is reluctant to preemptively deny Plaintiff at least the opportunity to present a motion for class certification" ).

69 Motion at 18.

70 Id. at 20.

71 Id. at 21.

72 Id. at 17-18.

          Defendant has yet to file an answer and discovery has not begun. Given the early stage of the proceedings, it is premature to determine if this matter should proceed as a class action. See In re Wal-Mart Stores, 505 F.Supp.2d at 615 (" In the absence of any discovery or specific arguments related to class certification, the Court is not prepared to rule on the propriety of the class allegations and explicitly reserves such a ruling" ). Accordingly, the court denies defendant's motion to strike plaintiff's class allegations.

         III. CONCLUSION

         For the reasons stated, the court denies defendant's motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1). Defendant's Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is granted as to plaintiff's secret warranty claim, and denied as to all other claims. Defendant's motion to strike plaintiff's class allegations is denied. Plaintiff may file an amended complaint within twenty days of this order.