The FISA applications may have been based on information obtained through surveillance based on the Patriot Act The Court should also examine whether any information in the FISA applications was the product of surveillance requested and conducted pursuant to the authority provided in the Patriot Act. Enacted in October 2001, the Patriot Act modified existing law and created new authorities for electronic surveillance and foreign intelligence gathering, including: permitting “roving” surveillance, Patriot Act § 206 (codified at 50 U.S.C. § 1805); allowing for an application for FISA surveillance when foreign intelligence gathering is a “significant” rather than “primary” purpose, § 218 (codified at 50 U.S.C. §§ 1804, 1823); expanding the Posse Comitatus Act exceptions, § 104 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2332e); authorizing “sneak and peek” search warrants, § 213 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3103a); permitting nationwide and perhaps worldwide execution of warrants in terrorism cases, § 220 (codified at scattered sections of Titles 18, 31, and 50); and easing government access to confidential information, § 505 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2709, 12 Case 3:13-mc-00005-RRB Document 16 Filed 03/04/13 Page 46 of 55 43 U.S.C. § 3414, 15 U.S.C. § 1681u) & § 507 (codified at 20 U.S.C. § 1232). See also Charles Doyle, THE USA PATRIOT ACT: A SKETCH, Congressional Research Service 2002, available at http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21203.pdf.

It requires that each order authorizing surveillance of a particular target contain specific minimization procedures that will govern that particular surveillance. See 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)(4); 50 U.S.C. § 1805(a)(3); 50 U.S.C. § 1805(c)(2)(A). FISA also specifically provides the FISC with authority to oversee the government’s minimization on an individualized basis during the course of the actual surveillance.

They required, inter alia, “minimization” of the information recorded, Section 1804(a)(4), justification for a FISA warrant through description of “the means by which the surveillance will be effected,” Section 1804(a)(7), and explanation of why the desired information “cannot reasonably be obtained by normal investigative techniques.” 50 U.S.C. 1804(a)(6)(E)(ii); see generally Al- Haramain, 507 F.3d at 1206-07 (explaining FISA procedures). Most important for present purposes, FISA sets forth a clearly-defined procedure for the treatment of assertedly-secret evidence that governs cases in which an “aggrieved person” requests information concerning his or her electronic surveillance.

Namely, they each were certified by an appropriate individual who deemed the information sought to be foreign intelligence information and certified that a significant purpose of the collections was to obtain foreign intelligence information. See 50 U.S.C. §§ 1804(a)(6), 1825(a)(6). In addition, each certification described how the information sought could not reasonably be obtained by normal investigative techniques; that the type of information sought was designated in accordance with Section 1801(e); and provided statements of the bases for the certifications that the information sought was the type of foreign intelligence information designated, and that such information could not reasonably be obtained through normal investigative techniques.

Accordingly, FISA provides for judicial review of national security electronic surveillance before it occurs, requiring (with limited exceptions) that the government obtain a warrant from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (“FISC”) before conducting surveillance. See 50 U.S.C. § 1804. Case3:08-cv-04373-JSW Document83 Filed07/02/12 Page21 of 29 Case No. 08-CV-4373-JSW -17- PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 FISA also authorizes the courts to review the legality of governmental surveillance after it has occurred.

.......................................................................................21 50 U.S.C. § 403-1(i).................................................................................................11, 21 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq....................................................................................................1 50 U.S.C.§ 1801(f) ...........................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C.§ 1801(h) ................................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C. § 1803....................................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C. § 1804....................................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C.§ 1804(a)(1)-(9) ................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C.§ 1804(a)(6)(A).................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C.§ 1805(c)(1) ......................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C.§ 1805(c)(2)(A).................................................................................................3 50 U.S.C. § 1881 et seq....................................................................................................1 50 U.S.C. § 1881a...........................................................................................................4 50 U.S.C. § 1881a(a).......................................................................................................5 50 U.S.C. § 1881a(b)..................................... ............................................................4, 20 50 U.S.C. § 1881a(i)(2) ....................................................................................................5 Case 1:10-cv-04419

For comparison, under a traditional FISA order, the government would be required in support of its application to specify to the FISC its surveillance targets, what evidence supports the belief that the targets are agents of a foreign power and that surveillance of their communications is likely to yield foreign intelligence information, what communications facilities it will subject to surveillance, and what information the government’s surveillance is seeking. 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a); see 7/25/14 Wiebe Decl., Ex. A at 24 (PCLOB 702 Report).

t of the facts and circumstances supporting probable cause to believe that the target is a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power, and that each facility or place at which the electronic surveillance is directed is being used, or is about to be used, by a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power; (4) a statement of the proposed minimization procedures to be followed; (5) a detailed description of the nature of the information sought and the type of communications or activities to be subjected to the surveillance; (6) a certification, discussed below, of a high-ranking official; (7) the manner or means by which the electronic surveillance will be effected and a statement whether physical entry is required to effect the electronic surveillance; (8) the facts concerning and the action taken on all previous FISA applications involving any of the persons, facilities, or places specified in the application; and (9) the proposed duration of the electronic surveillance. 50 U.S.C. §§ 1804(a)(1)-(9). An application to conduct a physical search pursuant to FISA must contain similar information as an application to conduct electronic surveillance, except that an application to conduct a physical search must also contain a statement of the facts and circumstances supporting probable cause to believe that "the premises or property to be searched contains foreign intelligence information" and that each "premises or property 10 Case 3:13-mc-00005-RRB Document 5 Filed 02/15/13 Page 10 of 43 to be searched is or is about to be, owned, used, possessed by, or is in transit to or from" the target.

To conduct electronic surveillance of a “United States person,” the government must demonstrate probable cause and obtain a warrant from the FISA court. 50 U.S.C. §§ 1804, 1805. To establish probable cause, the government must show that the targeted “United States person” is a “foreign power” or an “agent of a foreign power.”

ed 09/03/15 Page 7 of 59 vii Village of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Housing Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977) .................................................................................................................. 35 Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490 (1975) ............................................................................................................ 16, 33 Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547 (1978) .................................................................................................................. 39 Statutes  18 U.S.C. § 2510 ........................................................................................................................... 38 50 U.S.C. § 1801 ............................................................................................................. 5, 6, 38, 39 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ............................................................................................................................. 3 50 U.S.C. § 1804 ............................................................................................................................. 3 50 U.S.C. § 1805 ............................................................................................................................. 4 50 U.S.C. § 1806 ........................................................................................................................... 20 50 U.S.C. § 1809 ............................................................................................................................. 3 50 U.S.C. § 1881a ....................................................................................................................... 5, 6 50 U.S.C. § 1881e ......................................................................................................................... 20 Protect America Act, Pub. L. No. 110-55 (2007) ........................................................................... 4 Rules  Fed. R. C