Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

County of Sacramento v. Lewis

Holding that "only a purpose to cause harm unrelated to the legitimate object of arrest will satisfy the element of arbitrary conduct shocking to the conscience, necessary for a due process violation"

Almendarez-Torres v. United States

Holding that the fact of a prior conviction is not an element of an offense even when it increases a defendant's statutory maximum term of imprisonment

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc.

Holding that "[w]hatever evidentiary route the plaintiff chooses to follow, he or she must always prove that the conduct at issue was not merely tinged with offensive . . . connotations"

Summers v. Earth Island Inst.

Holding that supplementation of the district court record to receive affidavits from the organization's members was not permitted "in the circumstances here: after the trial is over, judgment has been entered, and a notice of appeal has been filed"

Bennett v. Spear

Holding that a Final Biological Opinion has "legal consequences," even though the action agency is not legally obligated to accept the opinion's recommendations or conclusions, because the opinion "alter the legal regime to which the action agency is subject"

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins

Holding that an employer discriminated on the basis of sex when he "act[ed] on the basis of a belief that a woman cannot be aggressive, or that she must not be"

Washington v. Glucksberg

Holding that there is no fundamental right to physician-assisted suicide

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Section 2000e-2 - Unlawful employment practices

Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”

Section 706 - Scope of review

Granting courts jurisdiction to "compel agency action unlawfully held or unreasonably delayed"

Section 1681 - Sex

Referencing application of Title IX prohibitions to school admissions

Section 704 - Actions reviewable

Granting judicial review over " final agency action"

Rule 5.2 - Privacy Protection For Filings Made with the Court

Stating party waives privacy protection for own information by filing not under seal

Section 553 - Rule making

Exempting "interpretative rules," among other things, from the notice-and-comment requirement

Section 1682 - Federal administrative enforcement; report to Congressional committees

Providing that a federal agency may terminate funding only after it "has advised the appropriate person or persons of the failure to comply with the requirement and has determined that compliance cannot be secured by voluntary means"

Section 13925 - Transferred

Section 106.31 - Education programs or activities

Prohibiting institutions covered by Title IX from "[s]ubject[ing] any person to separate or different rules of behavior, sanctions, or other treatment"

Section 106.33 - Comparable facilities

Section 54.410 - Comparable facilities

Section 54.400 - Education programs or activities