26 Cited authorities

Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 252,784 times 279 Legal Analyses
Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 266,697 times 365 Legal Analyses
Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services
436 U.S. 658 (1978) Cited 67,109 times 15 Legal Analyses
Holding that "local government . . . are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Connick v. Thompson
563 U.S. 51 (2011) Cited 7,038 times 3 Legal Analyses
Holding that not even "four reversals could . . . have put Connick on notice that the office's Brady training was inadequate"
Board of Comm'rs of Bryan County v. Brown
520 U.S. 397 (1997) Cited 12,184 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that a "high degree of predictability may also support an inference of causation—that the municipality's indifference led directly to the very consequence that was so predictable"
Canton v. Harris
489 U.S. 378 (1989) Cited 16,325 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that the city could be held liable for failing to train police officers in determining whether detainees needed medical care because of the likelihood that, absent proper training, the officers would default on their constitutional obligations
Oklahoma City v. Tuttle
471 U.S. 808 (1985) Cited 5,906 times
Holding that an unjustified shooting by a police officer cannot, without more, be thought to result from official policy
Dwares v. City of New York
985 F.2d 94 (2d Cir. 1993) Cited 1,135 times 1 Legal Analyses
Holding that complaint alleging officers conspired with skinheads to allow them to beat up others with impunity sufficiently stated a due process claim
Reynolds v. Giuliani
506 F.3d 183 (2d Cir. 2007) Cited 487 times
Holding that Monell 's"policy or custom" requirement applies to claims for prospective relief as well as claims for damages
Green v. City of New York
465 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 2006) Cited 417 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that one instance of a violation is insufficient to constitute a practice
Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights
42 U.S.C. § 1983 Cited 486,959 times 689 Legal Analyses
Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 345,981 times 922 Legal Analyses
Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Section 50-E - Notice of claim
N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 50-E Cited 4,872 times 2 Legal Analyses
Providing that an application for leave to serve a late notice of claim shall be made to “the supreme court or to the county court”
Section 50-I - Presentation of tort claims; commencement of actions
N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 50-I Cited 1,454 times
Noting that "it shall appear by and as an allegation in the complaint or moving papers that at least thirty days have elapsed since the service of such notice ... and that adjustment or payment thereof has been neglected or refused"

White v. Ocasio

26 Cited authorities

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Holding that "local government . . . are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Holding that not even "four reversals could . . . have put Connick on notice that the office's Brady training was inadequate"

Holding that a "high degree of predictability may also support an inference of causation—that the municipality's indifference led directly to the very consequence that was so predictable"

Holding that the city could be held liable for failing to train police officers in determining whether detainees needed medical care because of the likelihood that, absent proper training, the officers would default on their constitutional obligations

Holding that an unjustified shooting by a police officer cannot, without more, be thought to result from official policy

Holding that complaint alleging officers conspired with skinheads to allow them to beat up others with impunity sufficiently stated a due process claim

Holding that Monell 's"policy or custom" requirement applies to claims for prospective relief as well as claims for damages

Holding that one instance of a violation is insufficient to constitute a practice

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Providing that an application for leave to serve a late notice of claim shall be made to “the supreme court or to the county court”

Noting that "it shall appear by and as an allegation in the complaint or moving papers that at least thirty days have elapsed since the service of such notice ... and that adjustment or payment thereof has been neglected or refused"