Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.

Holding that summary judgment is appropriate when the evidence is "so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law"

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett

Holding that a movant's summary judgment motion should be granted "against a [nonmovant] who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial"

Pearson v. Callahan

Holding that, while there is still a two-pronged test, courts of appeals can use their discretion as to which prong to address first

Saucier v. Katz

Holding when a defendant seeks qualified immunity, "a ruling on that issue should be made early in the proceedings so that the costs and expenses of trial are avoided where the defense is dispositive."

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services

Holding that "local government ... are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Graham v. Connor

Holding that the reasonableness of force deployed during an arrest is judged using the "facts and circumstances of each particular case" from the perspective of "a reasonable officer on the scene"

Board of Comm'rs of Bryan County v. Brown

Holding that a "high degree of predictability may also support an inference of causation—that the municipality's indifference led directly to the very consequence that was so predictable"

Harlow v. Fitzgerald

Holding that public officials are entitled to a "qualified immunity" from "liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established . . . rights of which a reasonable person would have known"

Canton v. Harris

Holding that the city could be held liable for failing to train police officers in determining whether detainees needed medical care because of the likelihood that, absent proper training, the officers would default on their constitutional obligations

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 56 - Summary Judgment

Holding a party may move for summary judgment on any part of any claim or defense in the lawsuit

Rule 1 - Scope and Purpose

Recognizing the federal rules of civil procedure should be employed to promote the "just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding"

Section 537.600 - Sovereign immunity in effect - exceptions

Waiving state sovereign immunity for the torts of negligent operation of a motor vehicle or a dangerous condition on public property

Section 16257 - Rights of former departments vested in city; suits, etc., to be in name of city

Requiring that all suits stemming from transactions of any department of the City of Philadelphia be in the name of the City

Section 574.060 - Refusal to disperse - penalty