Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.

Holding that summary judgment is not appropriate if "the dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party"

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett

Holding that a movant's summary judgment motion should be granted "against a [nonmovant] who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial"

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio

Holding that, on summary judgment, antitrust plaintiffs "must show that the inference of conspiracy is reasonable in light of the competing inferences of independent action or collusive action that could not have harmed" them

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside

Holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion "in denying a motion for a class action determination which was untimely under the local rule"

Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm'n

Holding that disclaimer and disclosure requirements are subject to exacting scrutiny

Wash. State Grange v. Wa. State Repub. Party

Holding that courts should neither "anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the necessity of deciding it" nor "formulate a rule of constitutional law broader than is required by the precise facts to which it is to be applied"

Chicago v. Morales

Holding that vagueness that "fails to establish standards for the police and public that are sufficient to guard against the arbitrary deprivation of liberty interests" is subject to facial challenge

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 56 - Summary Judgment

Holding a party may move for summary judgment on any part of any claim or defense in the lawsuit

Section 1331 - Federal question

Finding that in order to invoke federal question jurisdiction, a plaintiff's claims must arise "under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."

Section 922 - Unlawful acts

Finding that "even before the sale of a firearm, the gun, its component parts, ammunition, and the raw materials from which they are made have considerably moved in interstate commerce"

Section 1346 - United States as defendant

Determining liability to the claimant "in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred"

Rule 25 - Substitution of Parties

Providing for the automatic substitution at the district-court level of public officers sued in their official capacities

Section 921 - Definitions

Adopting this definition

Section 5845 - Definitions

Defining "firearm," as used in § 5861(d), to include "a destructive device"

Section 7701 - Definitions

Defining a "taxpayer" as "any person subject to any internal revenue tax," where a related provision defines "person" to include corporations

Section 5841 - Registration of firearms

Requiring firearm manufacturers and possessor to receive "authorization"

Section 478.11 - Meaning of terms

Defining unlawful as "any alien ... [w]ho is a nonimmigrant and whose authorized period of stay has expired or who has violated the terms of the nonimmigrant category in which he or she was admitted."

Section 479.65 - Denial of application

Section 479.1 - General