Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Heckler v. Community Health Services

Holding that a Medicare provider was responsible for familiarizing itself with the legal requirements of cost reimbursement and obtaining an agency interpretation of the applicable regulations

Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp.

Holding that the Port Authority does not enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity despite the fact that "[s]tate courts . . . repeatedly have typed the Port Authority an agency of the States rather than a municipal unit or local district"

United States v. Kimbell Foods, Inc.

Holding that state law should be adopted as federal rule for establishing priority between competing federal and private liens since uniform federal rule was not necessary to protect federal interests

Bryant v. Avado Brands, Inc.

Holding that “a court, when considering a motion to dismiss in a securities fraud case, may take judicial notice . . . of relevant public documents required to be filed with the SEC”

U.S. ex Rel. Grubbs v. Kanneganti

Holding that defendants received adequate notice in a False Claims Act case where the complaint alleged a scheme to submit false claims and enough details that the defendants—who "will be in possession of the most relevant records, such as patients’ charts, doctors’ notes, and internal billing records"—could adequately investigate and defend the claims

Manders v. Lee

Holding that the sheriff of Clinch County, Georgia acted as an arm of the state in promulgating a use-of-force policy

U.S. ex Rel. Clausen v. Laboratory Corp.

Holding Rule 9(b) applies to False Claims Act claims

Grossman v. Nationsbank

Stating that when considering a motion to dismiss the court limits its consideration to the pleadings and exhibits attached thereto

U.S. v. RF Properties of Lake County, Inc.

Holding that Rule 9(b) was satisfied where the relator was a nurse practitioner in the defendant's employ who was required to bill under a doctor's provider number and whose conversations about the defendant's billing practices with the office manager formed the basis for the relator's belief that fraudulent claims were actually submitted to the government

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Permitting "[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind [to] be alleged generally"

Section 3729 - False claims

Holding liable "any person" who knowingly causes false claims to be presented

Section 1396 - Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission

Distinguishing explicitly between state- and federally-funded patient populations

Section 1396b - Payment to States

Setting forth, inter alia, requirements of state Medicaid fraud units

Section 3731 - False claims procedure

In § 3731(a), Congress apparently used the phrase "under section 3730" to mean all three § 3730 actions. § 3731(a) (a "subpoena requiring the attendance of a witness at a trial or hearing conducted under section 3730 of this title may be served at any place in the United States").

Section 1395nn - Limitation on certain physician referrals

Approving of compensation rates that " do not exceed fair market value"

Section 1320a-7a - Civil monetary penalties

Authorizing judicial review

Section 1395b - Option to individuals to obtain other health insurance protection

Section 411.354 - Financial relationship, compensation, and ownership or investment interest

Defining a financial relationship to include direct or indirect relationships

Section 411.351 - Definitions

Defining "fair market value" and "general market value"