304 F.3d 1125 (11th Cir. 2002) Cited 1,266 times
Holding that the doctrine of "incorporation by reference" applies to motions under Rule 12(c) just as it applies to motions under Rule 12(b) because, if it were otherwise, "the conversion clause of [Rule 12(d) ] would be too easily circumvented and disputed documents attached to an answer would have to be taken as true at the pleadings stage"