85 Cited authorities

Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 252,784 times 279 Legal Analyses
Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 266,697 times 365 Legal Analyses
Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
Kentucky v. Graham
473 U.S. 159 (1985) Cited 19,212 times 1 Legal Analyses
Holding that "an official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity," and that "a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself"
Papasan v. Allain
478 U.S. 265 (1986) Cited 16,683 times 6 Legal Analyses
Holding that Ex parte Young would not support a suit against a state for ongoing liability for an alleged past breach of trust, since "continuing payment of the income from the lost corpus is essentially equivalent in economic terms to a one-time restoration of the lost corpus itself"
Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman
465 U.S. 89 (1984) Cited 13,444 times 8 Legal Analyses
Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"
Hafer v. Melo
502 U.S. 21 (1991) Cited 7,424 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that state officials may be sued under § 1983 in their personal capacity for damages caused by actions taken by them in their official capacities
Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida
517 U.S. 44 (1996) Cited 5,082 times 23 Legal Analyses
Holding that Congress cannot abrogate state-sovereign immunity under its Article I commerce power, and rejecting the result in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. , 491 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 2273, 105 L.Ed.2d 1, seven years later; the decision in Union Gas never garnered a majority
Lapides v. Board of Regents of University System
535 U.S. 613 (2002) Cited 2,187 times 6 Legal Analyses
Holding that a state that joins in the removal of state-law claims to federal court waives its Eleventh Amendment immunity on those causes of action
Alden v. Maine
527 U.S. 706 (1999) Cited 2,309 times 15 Legal Analyses
Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits a private citizen from suing a State in state court
Virginia Office for Protection v. Stewart
563 U.S. 247 (2011) Cited 1,293 times
Finding that the Eleventh Amendment bars damages actions asserted against a State "absent waiver or valid abrogation" of the State's sovereign immunity
Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights
42 U.S.C. § 1983 Cited 486,959 times 689 Legal Analyses
Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 345,981 times 922 Legal Analyses
Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Section 1962 - Prohibited activities
18 U.S.C. § 1962 Cited 15,878 times 60 Legal Analyses
Specifying prohibited activities
Section 1961 - Definitions
18 U.S.C. § 1961 Cited 14,952 times 72 Legal Analyses
Defining what the terms “person” and “enterprise” include
Section 1951 - Interference with commerce by threats or violence
18 U.S.C. § 1951 Cited 11,577 times 51 Legal Analyses
Defining extortion in ACCA as “the obtaining of something of value from another, with his consent, induced by the wrongful use or threatened use of force against the person or property of another ”
Section 1964 - Civil remedies
18 U.S.C. § 1964 Cited 6,087 times 41 Legal Analyses
Granting civil remedies for RICO violation
Section 241 - Conspiracy against rights
18 U.S.C. § 241 Cited 4,188 times 15 Legal Analyses
Criminalizing civil-rights violations
Section 242 - Deprivation of rights under color of law
18 U.S.C. § 242 Cited 3,830 times 8 Legal Analyses
Noting that "if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section," the defendant "shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both"
Section 1503 - Influencing or injuring officer or juror generally
18 U.S.C. § 1503 Cited 2,508 times 17 Legal Analyses
Relating to obstruction of justice
Section 175 - Prohibitions with respect to biological weapons
18 U.S.C. § 175 Cited 58 times 3 Legal Analyses
Relating to biological weapons

Travis Middleton et al v. Richard Pan et al

85 Cited authorities

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Holding that "an official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity," and that "a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself"

Holding that Ex parte Young would not support a suit against a state for ongoing liability for an alleged past breach of trust, since "continuing payment of the income from the lost corpus is essentially equivalent in economic terms to a one-time restoration of the lost corpus itself"

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Holding that state officials may be sued under § 1983 in their personal capacity for damages caused by actions taken by them in their official capacities

Holding that Congress cannot abrogate state-sovereign immunity under its Article I commerce power, and rejecting the result in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. , 491 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 2273, 105 L.Ed.2d 1, seven years later; the decision in Union Gas never garnered a majority

Holding that a state that joins in the removal of state-law claims to federal court waives its Eleventh Amendment immunity on those causes of action

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits a private citizen from suing a State in state court

Finding that the Eleventh Amendment bars damages actions asserted against a State "absent waiver or valid abrogation" of the State's sovereign immunity

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Specifying prohibited activities

Defining what the terms “person” and “enterprise” include

Defining extortion in ACCA as “the obtaining of something of value from another, with his consent, induced by the wrongful use or threatened use of force against the person or property of another ”

Granting civil remedies for RICO violation

Criminalizing civil-rights violations

Noting that "if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section," the defendant "shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both"

Relating to obstruction of justice

Relating to biological weapons