Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Kentucky v. Graham

Holding that "an official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity," and that "a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself"

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Hafer v. Melo

Holding that state officials may be sued under § 1983 in their personal capacity for damages caused by actions taken by them in their official capacities

Quern v. Jordan

Holding that § 1983 does not abrogate state sovereign immunity in federal court

Heller v. Doe

Holding that courts must accept a legislature's generalizations under rational basis review "even when there is an imperfect fit between means and ends" or where the classification "is not made with mathematical nicety"

Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc.

Holding that a law survives rational basis review so long as there is "any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification"

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 3604 - Discrimination in the sale or rental of housing and other prohibited practices

Requiring any "accommodation" in "rules, policies, practices, or services" to be "reasonable"

Section 3601 - Declaration of policy

Stating the FHA is intended to provide “fair housing throughout the United States”

Section 3615 - Effect on State laws

Recognizing local authority

Section 301.021 - Sale or Rental

Section 250.007 - Regulation of Rental or Leasing of Housing Accommodations

Section 982.1 - Programs: purpose and structure

Describing the Section 8 program generally

Section 982.302 - Issuance of voucher; Requesting PHA approval of assisted tenancy

Providing that tenants may rent units where "the owner is willing to lease the unit under the program"

Section 982.53 - Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking

Requiring that public housing authorities certify to HUD that they will "administer the [Section 8] program in conformity with the Fair Housing Act"