Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 255,027 times 280 Legal AnalysesHolding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 268,773 times 367 Legal AnalysesHolding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services
436 U.S. 658 (1978) Cited 67,562 times 15 Legal AnalysesHolding that "local government ... are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Board of Comm'rs of Bryan County v. Brown
520 U.S. 397 (1997) Cited 12,278 times 2 Legal AnalysesHolding that a "high degree of predictability may also support an inference of causation—that the municipality's indifference led directly to the very consequence that was so predictable"
Mathews v. Eldridge
424 U.S. 319 (1976) Cited 15,806 times 42 Legal AnalysesHolding that a procedure based on written submissions was adequate because it included safeguards against mistake including that the agency informed the recipient of its tentative assessment and the evidence supporting it and an opportunity was then afforded the recipient to submit additional evidence "enabling him to challenge directly the accuracy of information in his file as well as the correctness of the agency's tentative conclusions"
Oklahoma City v. Tuttle
471 U.S. 808 (1985) Cited 5,937 timesHolding inadequate training is "far more nebulous, and a good deal further removed from the constitutional violation, than was the policy in Monell"
Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano
563 U.S. 2011 (2011) Cited 1,348 times 57 Legal AnalysesHolding that plaintiffs had adequately pled a Rule 10b–5 claim—where defendant had disputed the sufficiency of the allegations with respect to the elements of scienter and materiality—by alleging that defendant had forestalled a stock price drop by making affirmative statements confirming the market's impression that defendant's leading product was safe, despite defendant's awareness of evidence suggesting a significant risk that the nasal spray led to loss of sense of smell; when the risk was finally (belatedly) disclosed, the stock price plummeted
Armstrong v. Manzo
380 U.S. 545 (1965) Cited 2,558 times 3 Legal AnalysesHolding that failure to give proper notice violates "the rudimentary demands of due process of law"
Bolling v. Sharpe
347 U.S. 497 (1954) Cited 1,876 times 2 Legal AnalysesHolding that the District of Columbia's maintenance of segregated schools violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause
Brown v. Brody
199 F.3d 446 (D.C. Cir. 1999) Cited 658 times 2 Legal AnalysesHolding that lateral transfer or the denial thereof, without more, does not constitute an adverse employment action
Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights
42 U.S.C. § 1983 Cited 490,089 times 693 Legal AnalysesHolding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 348,309 times 929 Legal AnalysesGranting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Section 2000e-5 - Enforcement provisions
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5 Cited 26,970 times 124 Legal AnalysesHolding charges must be made in writing, under oath, and contain all information as the Commission requires
Section 12111 - Definitions
42 U.S.C. § 12111 Cited 8,048 times 60 Legal AnalysesAdopting the definition of "person" in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e for purposes of Title I of the ADA
Section 12131 - Definitions
42 U.S.C. § 12131 Cited 5,156 times 1 Legal AnalysesDefining discrimination to include the failure to provide "reasonable accommodations"