Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes

Holding in Rule 23 context that “[w]ithout some glue holding the alleged reasons for all those decisions together, it will be impossible to say that examination of all the class members' claims for relief will produce a common answer”

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

Holding in employment discrimination case that statistical evidence of employer's general policy and practice may be relevant circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent behind individual employment decision

Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc.

Holding extrinsic materials were not "integral" to the complaint because the complaint "d[id] not refer to the[m]" and "plaintiffs apparently did not rely on them in drafting it"

DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C.

Holding that "[i]n considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b), a district court may consider . . . documents incorporated by reference in the complaint" and any document "where the complaint relies heavily upon its terms and effect, thereby rendering the document integral to the complaint"

Hayden v. Paterson

Holding that the race-neutral reenactment of a state constitution's felon disenfranchisement provision erased the discriminatory taint of earlier enactments

Barnett Bank of Marion County, N.A. v. Nelson

Holding that a federal statute permitting banks to act as agents of insurance companies, although not insurers themselves, was a statute regulating the "business of insurance" for McCarran-Ferguson purposes

Brass v. American Film Technologies, Inc.

Holding that district courts may make use of "documents either in plaintiffs' possession or of which plaintiffs had knowledge and relied on in bringing suit" in evaluating Rule 12(b) motions

People v. Sandoval

Holding that the trial court must balance the "probative worth of evidence of prior specific criminal, vicious or immoral acts on the issue of the defendant's credibility on the one hand, and on the other the risk of unfair prejudice to the defendant"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 160.50 - Order upon termination of criminal action in favor of the accused

In CPL 160.50(1)(d), the legislature identified a restricted list of six exceptions to the sealing mandate's prohibition on access, including (d)(ii), relied upon by the People here.

Section 155.25 - Petit larceny

Defining "petit larceny"

Section 24 - Corporate powers of associations

Authorizing banks "[t]o exercise . . . all such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking; by discounting and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt . . . and by obtaining, issuing, and circulating notes"

Section 1813 - Definitions

Defining "State bank supervisor" as state officer, agency, or other entity with primary regulatory authority over state banks

Section 170.55 - Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal

Section 1829 - Penalty for unauthorized participation by convicted individual

Stating that any person who enters into a "pretrial diversion or similar program" in connection with a crime involving dishonesty is prohibited from, inter alia, holding a position as a director of an FDIC insured depository institutions without prior approval from the FDIC

Section 50.12 - Exchange of FBI identification records