Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins

Holding that a statutory violation, without more, did not give rise to Article III standing

Daimler AG v. Bauman

Holding that foreign corporations may not be subject to general jurisdiction "whenever they have an in-state subsidiary or affiliate"

Walden v. Fiore

Holding that “the mere fact that [defendant's] conduct affected plaintiffs with connections to the forum State does not suffice to authorize jurisdiction.”

Vermont Agency of Nat. Res. v. U.S. ex rel. Stevens

Holding that States are not subject to private FCA actions

Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc.

Holding extrinsic materials were not "integral" to the complaint because the complaint "d[id] not refer to the[m]" and "plaintiffs apparently did not rely on them in drafting it"

Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA

Holding that the Rule 9(b) pleading standards apply to California CLRA, FAL, and UCL claims because, though fraud is not an essential element of those statutes, a plaintiff alleges a fraudulent course of conduct as the basis of those claims

Griswold v. Connecticut

Holding unconstitutional state law that criminalized the use of "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception"

Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co.

Holding that, in the tort context, "[t]he `express aiming' analysis depends, to a significant degree, on the specific type of tort or other wrongful conduct at issue"

Engalla v. Permanente Med. Grp., Inc.

Holding that a party's "course of delay" in performing the terms of the contract, when "unreasonable or undertaken in bad faith, may provide sufficient grounds" for a finding of waiver

Astra USA, Inc. v. Santa Clara County

Holding that a contract claim based on the violation of a policy that merely incorporated statutory language was "in essence a suit to enforce the statute itself," and therefore unenforceable in a private action

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Section 1681 - Congressional findings and statement of purpose

Recognizing the need to protect "the consumer's right to privacy"

Section 2510 - Definitions

Defining "[i]nvestigative or law enforcement officer" as an officer "empowered by law to conduct investigations of or to make arrests for [certain] offenses . . . and any attorney authorized by law to prosecute or participate in the prosecution of such offenses"

Section 2511 - Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited

Imposing a penalty on persons who “intentionally intercept ... any wire, oral, or electronic communication”

Section 2520 - Recovery of civil damages authorized

Permitting recovery of actual and punitive damages, as well as a reasonable attorney's fee and other costs of litigation reasonably incurred

Section 632 - Unlawful eavesdropping or recording

Providing for "imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year"

Section 1320d-6 - Wrongful disclosure of individually identifiable health information

Prohibiting use and disclosure of "individually identifiable health information" without authorization

Section 631 - Unlawful tapping

Prohibiting "any person who . . . makes any unauthorized connection . . . or who willfully and without the consent of all parties to the communication . . . reads, or attempts to read, or to learn the contents or meaning of any message is in transit or passing over any wire, line, or cable . . . "

Section 1320d-2 - Standards for information transactions and data elements

Making penalties for failing to comply with certain standards of a past due "debt," including by allowing the Internal Revenue Service authority to offset under 26 U.S.C. § 6402

Section 1798.91 - Business requesting medical information from individual

Section 160.103 - Definitions

Excluding "government agency ... collecting protected health information" to determine eligibility for public benefits

Section 164.502 - Uses and disclosures of protected health information: general rules

Providing that a person authorized to act on behalf of a deceased individual must be treated as a personal representative “with respect to protected health information relevant to such personal representation ”

Section 164.514 - Other requirements relating to uses and disclosures of protected health information

Defining de-identified information