Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services

Holding that "local government . . . are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Connick v. Thompson

Holding that not even "four reversals could . . . have put Connick on notice that the office's Brady training was inadequate"

Board of Comm'rs of Bryan County v. Brown

Holding that a "high degree of predictability may also support an inference of causation—that the municipality's indifference led directly to the very consequence that was so predictable"

Canton v. Harris

Holding that the city could be held liable for failing to train police officers in determining whether detainees needed medical care because of the likelihood that, absent proper training, the officers would default on their constitutional obligations

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Terry v. Ohio

Holding that a police officer who has reasonable suspicion of criminal activity may conduct a brief investigative stop

Hafer v. Melo

Holding that state officials may be sued under § 1983 in their personal capacity for damages caused by actions taken by them in their official capacities

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings

Finding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint

Rule 17 - Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers

Providing that, for this type of entity, "[c]apacity to sue or be sued is determined . . . by the law of the state where the court is located"

Section 745 ILCS 10/1-101

Section 745 ILCS 10/2-201

Immunizing public employees from liability "for an injury" that results from an act of policymaking discretion

Section 745 ILCS 10/2-202

Immunizing law enforcement unless their actions “constitute willful and wanton conduct”

Section 745 ILCS 10/3-108

Stating that a municipality "is [not] liable for an injury caused by a failure to supervise an activity on or the use of any public property unless the . . . [municipality] has a duty to provide supervision imposed by common law, statute, ordinance, code or regulation and [it] . . . is guilty of willful and wanton conduct in its failure to provide supervision proximately causing such injury."