Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.

Holding that summary judgment is not appropriate if "the dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party"

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio

Holding that, on summary judgment, antitrust plaintiffs "must show that the inference of conspiracy is reasonable in light of the competing inferences of independent action or collusive action that could not have harmed" them

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Tellabs v. Makor Issues Rights

Holding that a strong inference is one that is "cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference"

Phillips v. County of Allegheny

Holding that a district court need not permit a curative amendment if such amendment would be futile

Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside

Holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion "in denying a motion for a class action determination which was untimely under the local rule"

Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr

Holding that the presence of a state-law damages remedy for violations of FDA requirements does not impose an additional requirement upon medical device manufacturers but "merely provides another reason for manufacturers to comply with . . . federal law"

Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.

Holding that an express warranty was not a "requirement ... imposed under State law" because the obligation was imposed by the warrantor

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 56 - Summary Judgment

Holding a party may move for summary judgment on any part of any claim or defense in the lawsuit

Section 1332 - Diversity of citizenship; amount in controversy; costs

Holding district court has jurisdiction over action between diverse citizens "where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000"

Section 1331 - Federal question

Finding that in order to invoke federal question jurisdiction, a plaintiff's claims must arise "under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."

Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings

Finding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Permitting "[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind [to] be alleged generally"

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 2301 - Definitions

Including as consumers those entitled to enforce a warranty "under applicable State law"

Section 2310 - Remedies in consumer disputes

Permitting recovery of "a sum equal to the aggregate amount of cost and expenses (including attorneys’ fees based on actual time expended)"

Section 814.39 - PMA supplements

Authorizing medical device manufacturers to change labels to "add or strengthen a contraindication, warning, precaution, or information about an adverse reaction"

Section 803.50 - If I am a manufacturer, what reporting requirements apply to me?

Requiring device manufacturers to report adverse medical device events to the FDA

Section 1.21 - Failure to reveal material facts

Section 820.80 - [Effective until 2/2/2026] Receiving, in-process, and finished device acceptance

Requiring manufacturers, in general, to "establish and maintain procedures for acceptance activities"

Section 99.101 - Information that may be disseminated