Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that courts are not required "to credit a complaint's conclusory statements without reference to its factual context"

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Papasan v. Allain

Holding that Ex parte Young would not support a suit against a state for ongoing liability for an alleged past breach of trust, since "continuing payment of the income from the lost corpus is essentially equivalent in economic terms to a one-time restoration of the lost corpus itself"

Conley v. Gibson

Holding that "a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief"

Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept

Holding that a cognizable gender discrimination claim could be brought by a female domestic violence victim where the victim alleged police denied protection and made misogynistic comments including that "he did not blame [the victim's] husband for hitting her, because of the way she was 'carrying on'"

Linda R. S. v. Richard D

Holding that a mother lacked standing to seek an injunction to force the prosecution of her child’s father for failing to pay child support, reasoning that because prosecution would result only in the father being jailed, it was overly "speculative" whether an injunction would result in future child support payments

Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins

Holding that state law governs substantive issues and federal law governs procedural issues

Kearns v. Ford Motor Co.

Holding that circumstances constituting fraud must be stated with particularity

Golden v. Zwickler

Holding the plaintiff lacked standing to seek a declaratory judgment that a certain New York statute was unconstitutional because it was "most unlikely" that he would be subject to the statute in the future, which "precluded a finding that there was ‘sufficiently immediacy and reality’ here"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Section 1332 - Diversity of citizenship; amount in controversy; costs

Holding district court has jurisdiction over action between diverse citizens "where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000"

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Section 1404 - Change of venue

Granting Class Plaintiffs' motion to transfer action in order to "facilitate a unified settlement approval process together with the class action cases in" In re Amex ASR

Section 2201 - Creation of remedy

Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment

Section 2 - Judicial Power and Jurisdiction

Granting federal courts power only to resolve “cases” and “controversies”

Section 20-152 - Enforcement