Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Summers v. Earth Island Inst.

Holding that supplementation of the district court record to receive affidavits from the organization's members was not permitted "in the circumstances here: after the trial is over, judgment has been entered, and a notice of appeal has been filed"

Los Angeles v. Lyons

Holding there is no justiciable controversy where plaintiff had once been subjected to a chokehold

O'Shea v. Littleton

Holding that "[p]ast exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief ... if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects"

Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA

Holding that the Rule 9(b) pleading standards apply to California CLRA, FAL, and UCL claims because, though fraud is not an essential element of those statutes, a plaintiff alleges a fraudulent course of conduct as the basis of those claims

Kearns v. Ford Motor Co.

Holding that circumstances constituting fraud must be stated with particularity

In re Tobacco II Cases

Holding class representatives had standing to challenge common marketing of cigarettes despite differences in the advertisements or statements on which class members relied

Williams v. Gerber Products

Holding that "reasonable consumers expect that the ingredient list ... confirms other representations on the packaging"

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Section 17200 - Unfair competition defined

Prohibiting unlawful business practices

Section 1750 - Title of act

Section 17500 - Untrue or misleading advertising

Requiring action that originated in California to effect consumers in another state

Section 17204 - Actions for Injunctions by Attorney General, District Attorney, County Counsel, and City Attorneys

Authorizing a private right of action for equitable relief by those who have "lost money or property as a result of . . . unfair competition"

Section 1780 - Action by consumer; remedies; senior citizens or disabled persons; costs and attorney's fees

Granting standing to consumers who have suffered damage "as a result of" a violation

Section 17535 - Injunctive relief

Granting the city attorney authority to sue under the FAL in terms largely identical to those used in the UCL

Section 2702 - Voluntary disclosure of customer communications or records

Restricting use of Internet subscriber information without consent

Section 1782 - Notice and demand to correct, repair, replace or rectify goods or services

Providing that no action for damages on behalf of a class of consumers may be maintained if a person alleged to have violated section 1770 shows that he or she has identified and notified the members of the class that he or she will remedy the violations upon request and he or she has ceased or will cease to engage in the violations