Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Arbaugh v. Y H Corp.

Holding that Title VII's numerosity requirement is nonjurisdictional even though it serves the important policy goal of “spar[ing] very small businesses from Title VII liability”

Mathews v. Eldridge

Holding that a procedure based on written submissions was adequate because it included safeguards against mistake including that the agency informed the recipient of its tentative assessment and the evidence supporting it and an opportunity was then afforded the recipient to submit additional evidence "enabling him to challenge directly the accuracy of information in his file as well as the correctness of the agency's tentative conclusions"

Board of Regents v. Roth

Holding that where a public employee's appointment terminated on a particular date and there was no provision for renewal after that date, the employee "did not have a property interest sufficient to require . . . a hearing when [the officials] declined to renew his contract of employment."

Lee v. City of L.A.

Holding that the district court erred in granting a motion to dismiss "by relying on extrinsic evidence and by taking judicial notice of disputed matters of fact to support its ruling"

Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance

Holding that agency can be compelled to act if time period is specified by law

Castle Rock v. Gonzales

Holding that a benefit is not a protected interest if government officials have discretion to grant or deny it

Califano v. Sanders

Holding that "the APA is not to be interpreted as an implied grant of subject-matter jurisdiction to review agency actions"

United States v. Nordic Village, Inc.

Holding that the existence of "plausible" interpretations that would not permit recovery "is enough to establish that a reading imposing monetary liability on the Government is not ‘unambiguous' and therefore should not be adopted"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Section 405 - Evidence, procedure, and certification for payments

Ruling out jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1346

Section 1331 - Federal question

Finding that in order to invoke federal question jurisdiction, a plaintiff's claims must arise "under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 2201 - Creation of remedy

Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment

Section 406 - Representation of claimants before Commissioner

Holding that "[a]n attorney who successfully represents a Social Security benefits claimant in court may be awarded as part of the judgment `a reasonable fee . . . not in excess of 25 percent of the past-due benefits' awarded to the claimant."

Section 1361 - Action to compel an officer of the United States to perform his duty

Granting to the district courts "original jurisdiction of any action in the nature of mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff"

Section 501 - Exemption from tax on corporations, certain trusts, etc

Granting tax-exempt status to qualified pension plans

Section 404.1725 - Request for approval of a fee

Outlining the factors

Section 404.1700 - Introduction

Section 404.1720 - Fee for a representative's services

Stating that a "representative must file a written request with [the SSA] before he or she may charge or receive a fee for his or her services"

Section 404.1703 - Definitions

Noting that the "past-due benefits" that a claimant may recover under § 406(b) "means the total amount of benefits payable under title II of the Act"

Section 416.1500 - Introduction