Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Arbaugh v. Y H Corp.

Holding that Title VII's numerosity requirement is nonjurisdictional even though it serves the important policy goal of “spar[ing] very small businesses from Title VII liability”

Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Env't

Holding that a court "act ultra vires" when it assumes "hypothetical jurisdiction" in order to rule on the merits

Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents

Holding that there is an implied cause of action for money damages against federal officials for violations of the Fourth Amendment

United States v. Mitchell

Holding that the United States does not have a specific fiduciary obligation to manage timber resources on allotted lands, held in trust for Indian-allotees

Schweiker v. Chilicky

Holding that Social Security regulations and procedures precluded a Bivens action

United States v. Dalm

Holding that 26 U.S.C. § 6511, which, when read with 26 U.S.C. § 7422, includes “may not be maintained” language, is jurisdictional

Tannenbaum v. U.S.

Holding that pro se pleadings "are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed"

University of S. Alabama v. American Tobacco

Holding that if a party is deemed to be “an arm or alter ego of the State, ” then diversity jurisdiction “must fail”

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 4 - Summons

Holding that if defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court—on a motion, or on its own following notice to the plaintiff—must dismiss the action without prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made by a certain time

Section 2680 - Exceptions

Concluding that claims for injurious falsehoods, disparagement of property, slander of goods, or trade libel are claims arising out of libel or slander under the FTCA

Section 1442 - Federal officers or agencies sued or prosecuted

Granting removal power to "[a]ny officer of the United States . . . or person acting under him"

Section 7422 - Civil actions for refund

Granting a tax payer a cause of action related to a claim for a refund

Section 775.082 - Penalties; applicability of sentencing structures; mandatory minimum sentences for certain reoffenders previously released from prison

Providing a penalty of "imprisonment not exceeding 15 years" for a second-degree felony

Section 6103 - Confidentiality and disclosure of returns and return information

Recognizing an individual's right to privacy with regard to disclosure of tax returns

Section 6201 - Assessment authority

Giving the IRS Commissioner authority to "make the inquiries, determinations , and assessments of all taxes (including interest, additional amounts, additions to the tax, and assessable penalties) imposed by [the Internal Revenue Code]."

Section 7431 - Civil damages for unauthorized inspection or disclosure of returns and return information

Providing for civil damages for unauthorized inspection or disclosure of tax returns and tax return information

Section 7601 - Canvass of districts for taxable persons and objects