Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Browning v. Levy

Holding that res judicata can bar later litigation of reorganized debtors' pre-existing legal claims

Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co.

Holding that arbitration clause was unconscionable where there was evidence of oppressive and fraudulent intent

Textron Fin. Corp. v. Nationwide Mut

Holding that damages must be "established with reasonable certainty"

Evans v. Pearson Enterprises, Inc.

Holding that a plaintiff "failed to plead reliance sufficiently and therefore is unable to state a claim for fraud" despite alleging in "her complaint that she 'relied implicitly on the representations' "

Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Barr Labs., Inc.

Holding that a reduction to practice by a third party inures to the benefit of the inventor even without communication of the conception

Cohen v. Lamko, Inc.

Detailing the elements of fraud

Lutz v. Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C

Holding that plaintiffs might be entitled to equitable tolling on the basis of fraudulent concealment but “these are questions for summary judgment or for trial, and they should not be resolved on a motion to dismiss”

Delman v. Cleveland Heights

Holding that an individual commits the tort of negligent misrepresentation if he "in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false information for the guidance of others in their business transactions" while failing to "exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the information" and those receiving the false information justifiably rely on this information and suffer pecuniary loss

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Section 339 - Contract, obligation not founded on written instrument; against sheriff or coroner for doing official act; rescission of contract not in writing

Holding that a plaintiff must initiate within two years "[a]n action upon a contract, obligation or liability not founded upon an instrument of writing"

Section 2305.09 - Four years - certain torts

Relating to the recovery of personal property

Section 13-80-102 - General limitation of actions - two years

Providing the general limitation for personal injury claims in Colorado is two years from when the action accrues

Section 13-80-101 - General limitation of actions - three years

Stating that "[a]ll contract actions" must be commenced "within three years after the cause of action accrues, and not thereafter"

Section 122 - Confidential status of applications; publication of patent applications

Providing that with certain exceptions, "each application for a patent shall be published, in accordance with procedures determined by the Director, promptly after the expiration of a period of 18 months from the earliest filing date for which a benefit is sought under this title."

Section 1.14 - Patent applications preserved in confidence