Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 252,709 times 279 Legal AnalysesHolding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 266,625 times 365 Legal AnalysesHolding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
Tellabs v. Makor Issues Rights
551 U.S. 308 (2007) Cited 9,121 times 104 Legal AnalysesHolding that a strong inference is one that is "cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference"
Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council
467 U.S. 837 (1984) Cited 16,020 times 502 Legal AnalysesHolding that courts "must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress"
Stoneridge Investment Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.
552 U.S. 148 (2008) Cited 1,181 times 80 Legal AnalysesHolding that the fraud-on-the-market presumption did not apply because business partners' "deceptive acts were not communicated to the public"
ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd.
493 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2007) Cited 3,874 times 6 Legal AnalysesHolding that deception occurs when "investors are misled to believe that prices at which they purchase and sell securities are determined by the natural interplay of supply and demand, not rigged by manipulators"
Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States
406 U.S. 128 (1972) Cited 1,627 times 34 Legal AnalysesHolding bank jointly and severally liable with its employees, without explanation
Securities v. Zandford
535 U.S. 813 (2002) Cited 520 times 17 Legal AnalysesHolding that the SEC may bring a public enforcement action against a broker who accepted payment for securities that he never delivered
Novak v. Kasaks
216 F.3d 300 (2d Cir. 2000) Cited 1,597 times 9 Legal AnalysesHolding section 78u-4(b) does not literally require pleading of all facts, so long as facts pleaded provide adequate basis for believing statements were false
Rombach v. Chang
355 F.3d 164 (2d Cir. 2004) Cited 1,388 times 5 Legal AnalysesHolding that complaint may establish scienter through facts showing that defendants "had both motive and opportunity to commit fraud"
Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 Cited 90,531 times 91 Legal AnalysesFinding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint
Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters
Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 Cited 38,923 times 316 Legal AnalysesPermitting "[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind [to] be alleged generally"
Section 78u-4 - Private securities litigation
15 U.S.C. § 78u-4 Cited 7,465 times 48 Legal AnalysesGranting courts authority to permit discovery if necessary "to preserve evidence or to prevent undue prejudice to" a party
Section 78t - Liability of controlling persons and persons who aid and abet violations
15 U.S.C. § 78t Cited 3,983 times 20 Legal AnalysesHolding liable any person "who, directly or indirectly, controls any person liable under any provision of this chapter or of any rule or regulation thereunder"
Section 78ff - Penalties
15 U.S.C. § 78ff Cited 661 times 23 Legal AnalysesProviding criminal penalties
Section 78dd-1 - Prohibited foreign trade practices by issuers
15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1 Cited 141 times 118 Legal AnalysesMaking it unlawful for any securities issuer or its officer to bribe a foreign official
Section 78dd-2 - Prohibited foreign trade practices by domestic concerns
15 U.S.C. § 78dd-2 Cited 106 times 58 Legal AnalysesDefining “foreign official” as “any officer or employee of a foreign government or any ... instrumentality thereof”