78 Cited authorities

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 268,213 times 366 Legal Analyses
Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife
504 U.S. 555 (1992) Cited 27,995 times 138 Legal Analyses
Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.
528 U.S. 167 (2000) Cited 7,191 times 25 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing
United States v. Lopez
514 U.S. 549 (1995) Cited 2,377 times 21 Legal Analyses
Holding that the Gun-Free School Zones Act "exceeds the authority of Congress to ‘regulate Commerce’ " as it "neither regulates a commercial activity nor" "contains jurisdictional element which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry, that the firearm possession in question affects interstate commerce" (quoting U.S. Const. Art. I § 8 cl. 3 )
Gonzales v. Raich
545 U.S. 1 (2005) Cited 1,146 times 46 Legal Analyses
Holding that because “Congress had a rational basis” for concluding that a statute implements Commerce Clause power, the statute falls within the scope of congressional “authority to ‘make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper’ to ‘regulate Commerce ... among the several States' ”
Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner
387 U.S. 136 (1967) Cited 5,291 times 9 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiffs subject to a regulation had standing to challenge it even though the Attorney General had yet to "authorize criminal and seizure actions for violations of the statute"
U.S. v. Morrison
529 U.S. 598 (2000) Cited 1,268 times 10 Legal Analyses
Holding that Congress exceeded its interstate commerce powers in enacting a civil remedy for victims of gender-motivated violence
Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of University of Virginia
515 U.S. 819 (1995) Cited 1,309 times 5 Legal Analyses
Holding that the Establishment Clause does not bar disbursement of funds from student activity fees to religious organizations
Wisconsin v. Yoder
406 U.S. 205 (1972) Cited 2,648 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that Wisconsin could not compel school attendance beyond the eighth grade because doing so would "grave[ly] interfere[] with important Amish religious tenets" and "the traditional interest of parents with respect to the religious upbringing of their children"
Thomas v. Review Bd. of the Ind. Emp't Sec. Div.
450 U.S. 707 (1981) Cited 1,648 times 5 Legal Analyses
Holding that "it is not within the judicial function and judicial competence to inquire whether the petitioner or [another member of his faith] more correctly perceived the commands of their common faith," because "[c]ourts are not arbiters of scriptural interpretation"
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 347,669 times 925 Legal Analyses
Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Section 2201 - Creation of remedy
28 U.S.C. § 2201 Cited 24,607 times 61 Legal Analyses
Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment
Section 1001 - Congressional findings and declaration of policy
29 U.S.C. § 1001 Cited 20,549 times 59 Legal Analyses
Noting that ERISA was enacted “to protect ... employee benefit plans and their beneficiaries”
Section 7421 - Prohibition of suits to restrain assessment or collection
26 U.S.C. § 7421 Cited 2,006 times 13 Legal Analyses
Banning injunctions against future tax collection, subject to enumerated exceptions
Section 2000bb - Congressional findings and declaration of purposes
42 U.S.C. § 2000bb Cited 1,545 times 18 Legal Analyses
Finding that in Smith, "the Supreme Court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion"
Section 1395dd - Examination and treatment for emergency medical conditions and women in labor
42 U.S.C. § 1395dd Cited 1,373 times 42 Legal Analyses
Providing for civil penalties of up to $50,000 for a physician who "signs a certification under subsection (c) ... if the physician knew or should have known that the benefits did not outweigh the risks"
Section 2000cc-5 - Definitions
42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-5 Cited 1,191 times 10 Legal Analyses
Recognizing an individual religious practice is not defined by the practices of others in the context of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
Section 2000bb-1 - Free exercise of religion protected
42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1 Cited 1,124 times 27 Legal Analyses
Providing for "appropriate relief" in judicial suit
Section 201 - Definitions
42 U.S.C. § 201 Cited 232 times 6 Legal Analyses
Defining "Secretary" as Secretary of HHS
Section 2000bb-2 - Definitions
42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-2 Cited 213 times 2 Legal Analyses
Cross-referencing § 2000cc–5

Mead et al v. Holder et al

78 Cited authorities

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Holding that plaintiffs subject to a regulation had standing to challenge it even though the Attorney General had yet to "authorize criminal and seizure actions for violations of the statute"

Holding that Congress exceeded its interstate commerce powers in enacting a civil remedy for victims of gender-motivated violence

Holding that the Establishment Clause does not bar disbursement of funds from student activity fees to religious organizations

Holding that Wisconsin could not compel school attendance beyond the eighth grade because doing so would "grave[ly] interfere[] with important Amish religious tenets" and "the traditional interest of parents with respect to the religious upbringing of their children"

Holding that "it is not within the judicial function and judicial competence to inquire whether the petitioner or [another member of his faith] more correctly perceived the commands of their common faith," because "[c]ourts are not arbiters of scriptural interpretation"

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment

Noting that ERISA was enacted “to protect ... employee benefit plans and their beneficiaries”

Banning injunctions against future tax collection, subject to enumerated exceptions

Finding that in Smith, "the Supreme Court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion"

Providing for civil penalties of up to $50,000 for a physician who "signs a certification under subsection (c) ... if the physician knew or should have known that the benefits did not outweigh the risks"

Recognizing an individual religious practice is not defined by the practices of others in the context of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act

Providing for "appropriate relief" in judicial suit

Defining "Secretary" as Secretary of HHS

Cross-referencing § 2000cc–5