Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Los Angeles v. Lyons

Holding there is no justiciable controversy where plaintiff had once been subjected to a chokehold

Valley Forge College v. Americans United

Holding that "the psychological consequence presumably produced by observation of conduct with which one disagrees ... is not an injury sufficient to confer standing under Art. III, even though the disagreement is phrased in constitutional terms"

Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr

Holding that the presence of a state-law damages remedy for violations of FDA requirements does not impose an additional requirement upon medical device manufacturers but "merely provides another reason for manufacturers to comply with . . . federal law"

Wyeth v. Levine

Holding that the FDA's drug labeling judgments pursuant to the FDCA did not obstacle preempt state law products liability claims

Whitmore v. Arkansas

Holding that a third party does not have "standing to challenge the validity of a death sentence imposed on a capital defendant who has elected to forgo his right of appeal"

O'Shea v. Littleton

Holding that "[p]ast exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief ... if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects"

Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts

Holding that “the Due Process Clause of course requires that the named plaintiff at all times adequately represent the interests of the absent class members”

Altria Grp., Inc. v. Good

Holding that federal law did not preempt common-law fraud claim against cigarette manufacturer based on advertising of light cigarettes

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Section 17200 - Unfair competition defined

Prohibiting unlawful business practices

Section 1750 - Title of act

Section 17500 - Untrue or misleading advertising

Requiring action that originated in California to effect consumers in another state

Section 301 - Short title

Section 321 - Definitions; generally

Defining “new drug”

Section 343 - Misbranded food

Setting labeling requirements for food products

Section 343-1 - National uniform nutrition labeling

Preempting state laws that conflict, inter alia, with federal law requiring foods to indicate: the name and location of the manufacturer, as well as the weight or quantity of food contained in a package; and the percentage of fruit or vegetable juice contained in a beverage

Section 341 - Definitions and standards for food

Authorizing administrative regulations to establish a "reasonable definition and standard of identity" for "any food"

Section 101.13 - Nutrient content claims-general principles

In 21 C.F.R. § 101.13, the FDA lists general principles regulating nutrient content claims-claims that expressly or implicitly characterize the level of a nutrient.

Section 100.1 - Petitions requesting exemption from preemption for State or local requirements

Explaining the meaning of "not identical"

Section 102.5 - General principles

Providing that the “common or usual name” of a food or beverage must identify “in as simple and direct terms as possible, the basic nature of the food or its characterizing properties or ingredients” and must “be uniform among all identical or similar products”

Section 101.54 - Nutrient content claims for "good source," "high," "more," and "high potency."

Defining "contains"

Section 101.65 - Implied nutrient content claims and related label statements

Setting forth the requisite nutrient requirements in particular foods in order to label a food "healthy" or some related term

Section 1.21 - Failure to reveal material facts

Section 101.18 - Misbranding of food

Governing product names “generally understood by the consumer to mean the product of a particular manufacturer or distributor”

Section 101.15 - Food; prominence of required statements