550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 267,331 times 365 Legal Analyses
Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
528 U.S. 167 (2000) Cited 7,169 times 25 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing
442 U.S. 228 (1979) Cited 2,931 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that former congressional staff member could sue U.S. Congressman for damages under Fifth Amendment for discriminating against her on basis of sex
Holding that while a plaintiff residing in a racially gerrymandered district had standing to challenge the redistricting, a plaintiff not residing in such a district lacked standing to challenge the redistricting
Holding that for an act to be "unfair," it must "threaten" a violation of law or "violate the policy or spirit of one of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation of the law"
Holding that a corporation had standing to sue under § 1981 alleging that defendants discriminated against it because it contracts with racial minorities
Fed. R. Evid. 201 Cited 28,349 times 26 Legal Analyses
Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."
Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 Cited 9,544 times 54 Legal Analyses
Holding a person must be joined if disposing the action in the person's absence may leave an existing party subject to a "substantial" risk of incurring inconsistent obligations
Stating that "[a]ny one may waive the advantage of a law intended solely for his benefit [b]ut a law established for a public reason cannot be contravened by a private agreement"