Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Wilton v. Seven Falls Co.

Holding that in declaratory judgment actions, district courts have “greater” discretion to abstain than under Colorado River's “exceptional circumstances” test

Brooks v. Ross

Holding that a claim is plausible if the facts alleged raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will yield evidence supporting the allegations

Kearns v. Ford Motor Co.

Holding that circumstances constituting fraud must be stated with particularity

Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc.

Holding that an implied covenant "cannot be endowed with an existence independent of its contractual underpinnings. It cannot impose substantive duties or limits on the contracting parties beyond those incorporated in the specific terms of their agreement."

Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co.

Holding that for an act to be "unfair," it must "threaten" a violation of law or "violate the policy or spirit of one of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation of the law"

In re Tobacco II Cases

Holding class representatives had standing to challenge common marketing of cigarettes despite differences in the advertisements or statements on which class members relied

Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Milhollin

Holding that deference was appropriate to official staff opinions of Federal Reserve Board interpreting the Truth in Lending Act and Regulation Z, unless demonstrably irrational

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 2201 - Creation of remedy

Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment

Section 1640 - Civil liability

Holding "any creditor who fails to comply" liable, with creditors defined within § 1602(g) as persons

Section 1602 - Definitions and rules of construction

Granting Federal Reserve authority to issue rules to carry out the CARD Act

Section 1603 - Exempted transactions

Exempting "credit transactions involving extensions of credit primarily for business, commercial, or agricultural purposes, or to government or governmental agencies or instrumentalities, or to organizations"

Section 1647 - Home equity plans

Section 226.2 - Definitions and rules of construction

Defining "consumer credit"

Section 226.9 - Subsequent disclosure requirements

Providing creditor must give notice "[w]henever any term required to be disclosed under § 226.6 is changed"

Section 226.3 - Exempt transactions

Providing that Regulation Z does not apply to "[ a]n extension of credit primarily for a business, commercial or agricultural purpose"

Section 226.5b - Requirements for home equity plans

Prohibiting lender from unilaterally changing terms of loan