Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Tellabs v. Makor Issues Rights

Holding that a strong inference is one that is "cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference"

Christopher v. Harbury

Holding Verdugo-Urquidez and Eisentrager foreclosed due process claim for actions taken against alien abroad

Stoneridge Investment Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.

Holding that the fraud-on-the-market presumption did not apply because business partners' "deceptive acts were not communicated to the public"

ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd.

Holding that because "a plaintiff must show . . . a primary violation by the controlled person" in order to "establish a prima facie case of control[-]person liability," a plaintiff who "fails to allege any primary violation . . . cannot establish control[-]person liability"

Middlesex County Sewerage Authority v. National Sea Clammers Ass'n

Holding that displacement of a federal common law injunctive action necessarily implies that a damages action brought for the same claim is also displaced

Meyer v. Holley

Holding that under traditional principles of vicarious liability, a corporation is the principal of its employees/agents, and thus corporate owners and officers are not liable for the unlawful acts of an employee simply on the basis that the owner or officer controlled (or had the right to control) the actions of that employee

Santa Fe Industries, Inc. v. Green

Holding that the Securities Exchange Act is limited in scope to its textual provisions and does not conflict with state law regarding corporate misconduct, particularly corporate mismanagement

Rombach v. Chang

Holding that complaint may establish scienter through facts showing that defendants "had both motive and opportunity to commit fraud"

Cleveland v. Caplaw Enters.

Holding district court was not required to convert motion to summary judgment where court did not consider deposition excerpts but, rather, relied only upon pleadings and contract incorporated by reference into the pleadings

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Section 1 - Short title

Defining an FCM as, among other things and in pertinent part, an entity that is "engaged in soliciting or in accepting orders for the purchase or sale of a commodity for future delivery" or is registered as an FCM

Section 2 - Jurisdiction of Commission; liability of principal for act of agent; Commodity Futures Trading Commission; transaction in interstate commerce

Adopting respondeat superior principles for regulatory actions brought by the Commodity Exchange Commission

Section 25 - Private rights of action

Granting federal courts exclusive jurisdiction over private claims brought under the CEA

Section 6 - Regulation of futures trading and foreign transactions

Prohibiting futures trades outside contract markets

Section 13c - Responsibility as principal; minor violations

Aiding and abetting

Section 13b - Manipulations or other violations; cease and desist orders against persons other than registered entities; punishment

Section 166.3 - Supervision

Outlining supervisory duties