Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A.

Holding with regard to a 67-year-old plaintiff and a 59-year-old comparator that " difference of eight years between the age of the person discharged and his replacement . . . is not insignificant"

Harlow v. Fitzgerald

Holding that public officials are entitled to a "qualified immunity" from "liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established . . . rights of which a reasonable person would have known"

Hishon v. King Spalding

Holding Title VII applies to selection for non-employee positions if consideration for that position can be regarded as one of "terms, conditions, or privileges of employment" of a covered job

Scheuer v. Rhodes

Holding that executive branch officers had qualified immunity

Conley v. Gibson

Holding that "a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief"

Gonzaga University v. Doe

Holding that nothing "short of an unambiguously conferred right ... support a cause of action brought under § 1983"

Alexander v. Sandoval

Holding that it is "beyond dispute" that banning discrimination " ‘on the ground of race’ " "prohibits only intentional discrimination"

Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon

Holding that named plaintiff must prove “much more than the validity of his own claim”; the individual plaintiff must show that “the individual's claim and the class claims will share common questions of law or fact and that the individual's claim will be typical of the class claims,” explicitly referencing the “commonality” and “typicality” requirements of Rule 23

Pegram v. Herdrich

Holding that there was "jurisdiction regardless of the correctness of the removal" because the "amended complaint alleged ERISA violations, over which the federal courts have jurisdiction"

In re Burlington Coat Factory

Holding that a court may consider a "document integral to or explicitly relied upon in the complaint" when deciding a motion to dismiss

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Rule 23.1 - Derivative Actions

Requiring only that the plaintiff allege demand futility "with particularity"

Section 80a-1 - Findings and declaration of policy

Declaring as a policy rationale for the Investment Company Act the prevention of conflicts of interest between investment companies and advisers

Section 80a-35 - Breach of fiduciary duty

Imposing a “fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of compensation for services, or of payments of a material nature ”

Section 80a-8 - Registration of investment companies

Setting forth requirements for registration of investment companies

Section 80a-46 - Validity of contracts

Providing a remedy in the event that "a contract described in paragraph has been performed"

Section 80a-36 - Larceny and embezzlement