Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.

Holding that summary judgment is not appropriate if "the dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party"

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett

Holding that a movant's summary judgment motion should be granted "against a [nonmovant] who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial"

Neitzke v. Williams

Holding that "an in forma pauperis pro se complaint may only be dismissed as frivolous ... when the petitioner cannot make any claim with a rational or arguable basis in law or in fact"

Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc.

Holding that, since the 58-year-old plaintiff was fired by his 60-year-old employer, there was an inference that "age discrimination was not the motive"

West v. Atkins

Holding that a state's delegation of its duty to provide medical care to prisoners rendered a contract physician a state actor

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

Holding in employment discrimination case that statistical evidence of employer's general policy and practice may be relevant circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent behind individual employment decision

American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan

Holding that the private insurers were not state actors

Gonzaga University v. Doe

Holding that nothing "short of an unambiguously conferred right ... support a cause of action brought under § 1983"

Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v. Williams

Holding "substantially" and "major" "need to be interpreted strictly to create a demanding standard for qualifying as disabled," and therefore, to be disabled "an individual must have an impairment that prevents or severely restricts the individual from doing activities that are of central importance to most people’s daily lives"

McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co.

Holding that the "plain language" of the Fair Labor Standards Act's "willful" liquidated damages standard requires that "the employer either knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the statute," without regard to the outrageousness of the conduct at issue

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 56 - Summary Judgment

Holding a party may move for summary judgment on any part of any claim or defense in the lawsuit

Section 1331 - Federal question

Finding that in order to invoke federal question jurisdiction, a plaintiff's claims must arise "under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."

Rule 26 - Duty to Disclose; General Provisions Governing Discovery

Adopting Fed.R.Civ.P. 37

Section 1391 - Venue generally

Finding that venue lies where a "substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim" occurred

Section 2000e-5 - Enforcement provisions

Holding charges must be made in writing, under oath, and contain all information as the Commission requires

Section 12101 - Findings and purpose

Finding a pattern of " unnecessary discrimination and prejudice" that "costs the United States billions of dollars in unnecessary expenses resulting from dependency and nonproductivity"

Section 1746 - Unsworn declarations under penalty of perjury

Permitting the use of declarations instead

Section 206 - Minimum wage

Asking only whether the alleged inequality resulted from “any other factor other than sex”

Section 203 - Definitions

Recognizing that "custom or practice" under a collective-bargaining agreement can make changing clothes noncompensable

Section 825.220 - Protection for employees who request leave or otherwise assert FMLA rights

Adopting a "negative factor" standard

Section 84.3 - Definitions

Defining "physical or mental impairment" to include "[a]ny physiological disorder or condition . . . affecting one or more . . . body systems," including the "endocrine" system

Section 4A:2-5.1 - General provisions

Section 4A:10-1.2 - Political activity