Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services
436 U.S. 658 (1978) Cited 66,907 times 15 Legal Analyses
Holding that "local government . . . are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights
42 U.S.C. § 1983 Cited 485,542 times 688 Legal Analyses
Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 344,855 times 920 Legal Analyses
Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Rule 17 - Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers
Fed. R. Civ. P. 17 Cited 9,125 times 23 Legal Analyses
Providing that, for this type of entity, "[c]apacity to sue or be sued is determined . . . by the law of the state where the court is located"