5 Cited authorities

  1. Whren v. United States

    517 U.S. 806 (1996)   Cited 8,599 times   38 Legal Analyses
    Holding that, upon observing traffic violation, officer may stop vehicle regardless of his subjective motivations, "as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify that action"
  2. People v. Robinson

    97 N.Y.2d 341 (N.Y. 2001)   Cited 492 times   2 Legal Analyses
    Declining to distinguish between criminal and traffic violations for the purposes of searches and seizures under New York law
  3. U.S. v. Stewart

    551 F.3d 187 (2d Cir. 2009)   Cited 114 times
    Holding "unambiguously that the reasonable suspicion of a traffic violation provides a sufficient basis under the Fourth Amendment for law enforcement officers to make a traffic stop."
  4. People v. Estrella

    10 N.Y.3d 945 (N.Y. 2008)   Cited 39 times
    In Estrella, police stopped a vehicle with Georgia license plates believing that its windows were excessively tinted in violation of Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375 (12–a) (b)(4) (People v. Estrella, 48 A.D.3d 1283, 1284–1285, 851 N.Y.S.2d 793 [4th Dept.2008]).
  5. People v. Estrella

    48 A.D.3d 1283 (N.Y. App. Div. 2008)   Cited 24 times
    In Estrella the court held that the police had probable cause to stop an out-of-state vehicle for excessively opaque windows.