Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police

Holding that official capacity state officer suits for prospective injunctive relief are suits against a "person" under § 1983 even though a "State" is not a "person" under that statute

Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida

Holding that Congress cannot abrogate state-sovereign immunity under its Article I commerce power, and rejecting the result in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. , 491 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 2273, 105 L.Ed.2d 1, seven years later; the decision in Union Gas never garnered a majority

Alexander v. Sandoval

Holding that it is "beyond dispute" that banning discrimination " ‘on the ground of race’ " "prohibits only intentional discrimination"

Quern v. Jordan

Holding that § 1983 does not abrogate state sovereign immunity in federal court

Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd.

Holding extraterritorial application of a statute is a merits question, not a question of subject matter jurisdiction

Harris v. Mills

Holding that notice and opportunity to be heard before deprivation of constitutionally protected interest coupled with Article 78 post-deprivation remedy satisfied due process

Hendrick Hudson Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Rowley

Holding that the Act establishes a substantive right to a FAPE for qualifying children

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Section 1415 - Procedural safeguards

Holding that "before the filing of a civil action . . . seeking relief that is also available under [the IDEA], the [IDEA's administrative] procedures . . . shall be exhausted"

Section 1400 - Short title; findings; purposes

Finding of Congress that "the education of children with disabilities can be made more effective by ... ensuring that families ... have meaningful opportunities to participate"

Section 1412 - State eligibility

Holding the SEA "responsible for ensuring that . . . the requirements of [the IDEA] are met" and "all educational programs . . . meet the educational standards of the [SEA]"

Section 1401 - Definitions

Defining such plans

Section 1414 - Evaluations, eligibility determinations, individualized education programs, and educational placements

Defining assessments as tools used during an evaluation or re-evaluation to ensure a child is evaluated in "all areas of suspected disability" and to determine "an appropriate educational program for the child."

Section 4404 - Appeal procedures for children with disabilities

Requiring that appeals of SRO decisions must be filed in the federal district court within four months of their issuance

Section 4402 - Duties of school districts

Stating that the DOE is not required to fund such educational services for a person after the age of twenty-one or the receipt of a high school diploma

Section 1413 - Local educational agency eligibility

Providing detailed requirements for school districts to receive funding under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Section 300.507 - Filing a due process complaint

Outlining the due process complaint procedures

Section 200.4 - Procedures for referral, evaluation, individualized education program (IEP) development, placement and review

Requiring that IEPs be “reviewed and, if appropriate, revised, periodically but not less than annually”

Section 200.6 - Continuum of services

Describing eligibility for “12–month special services and/or programs”

Section 200.5 - Due process procedures

Enabling a parent or school district to "initiate a hearing on matters relating to the identification, evaluation or educational placement of a student with a disability, or the provision of a free appropriate public education to a child."

Section 300.323 - When IEPs must be in effect

Requiring education "in accordance with" the IEP

Section 200.1 - Definitions

Section 300.508 - Due process complaint

Stating that "Within five days of receipt of notification . . . the hearing officer must make a determination"