Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police

Holding that official capacity state officer suits for prospective injunctive relief are suits against a "person" under § 1983 even though a "State" is not a "person" under that statute

Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida

Holding that Congress cannot abrogate state-sovereign immunity under its Article I commerce power, and rejecting the result in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. , 491 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 2273, 105 L.Ed.2d 1, seven years later; the decision in Union Gas never garnered a majority

Alexander v. Sandoval

Holding that it is "beyond dispute" that banning discrimination " ‘on the ground of race’ " "prohibits only intentional discrimination"

Quern v. Jordan

Holding that § 1983 does not abrogate state sovereign immunity in federal court

Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd.

Holding extraterritorial application of a statute is a merits question, not a question of subject matter jurisdiction

Harris v. Mills

Holding that notice and opportunity to be heard before deprivation of constitutionally protected interest coupled with Article 78 post-deprivation remedy satisfied due process

Hendrick Hudson Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Rowley

Holding that the Act establishes a substantive right to a FAPE for qualifying children

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Section 1415 - Procedural safeguards

Holding that "before the filing of a civil action . . . seeking relief that is also available under [the IDEA], the [IDEA's administrative] procedures . . . shall be exhausted"

Section 1400 - Short title; findings; purposes

Finding of Congress that "the education of children with disabilities can be made more effective by ... ensuring that families ... have meaningful opportunities to participate"

Section 1412 - State eligibility

Holding the SEA "responsible for ensuring that . . . the requirements of [the IDEA] are met" and "all educational programs . . . meet the educational standards of the [SEA]"

Section 1401 - Definitions

Defining such plans

Section 1414 - Evaluations, eligibility determinations, individualized education programs, and educational placements

Defining assessments as tools used during an evaluation or re-evaluation to ensure a child is evaluated in "all areas of suspected disability" and to determine "an appropriate educational program for the child."

Section 4404 - Appeal procedures for children with disabilities

Requiring that appeals of SRO decisions must be filed in the federal district court within four months of their issuance

Section 1413 - Local educational agency eligibility

Providing detailed requirements for school districts to receive funding under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Section 4402 - Duties of school districts

Stating that the DOE is not required to fund such educational services for a person after the age of twenty-one or the receipt of a high school diploma

Section 300.507 - Filing a due process complaint

Outlining the due process complaint procedures

Section 200.4 - Procedures for referral, evaluation, individualized education program (IEP) development, placement and review

Requiring that IEPs be “reviewed and, if appropriate, revised, periodically but not less than annually”

Section 200.5 - Due process procedures

Enabling a parent or school district to "initiate a hearing on matters relating to the identification, evaluation or educational placement of a student with a disability, or the provision of a free appropriate public education to a child."

Section 200.6 - Continuum of services

Describing eligibility for “12–month special services and/or programs”

Section 300.323 - When IEPs must be in effect

Requiring education "in accordance with" the IEP

Section 200.1 - Definitions

Section 300.508 - Due process complaint

Stating that "Within five days of receipt of notification . . . the hearing officer must make a determination"