Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services

Holding that "local government . . . are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police

Holding that official capacity state officer suits for prospective injunctive relief are suits against a "person" under § 1983 even though a "State" is not a "person" under that statute

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

Holding in employment discrimination case that statistical evidence of employer's general policy and practice may be relevant circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent behind individual employment decision

Pembaur v. Cincinnati

Holding that a county prosecutor's order to forcibly enter the plaintiff's clinic was a "municipal policy"

Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida

Holding that Congress cannot abrogate state-sovereign immunity under its Article I commerce power, and rejecting the result in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. , 491 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 2273, 105 L.Ed.2d 1, seven years later; the decision in Union Gas never garnered a majority

Rizzo v. Goode

Holding that plaintiffs lacked standing to obtain injunctive relief against senior police officials to impose tighter police discipline to prevent harm to civilians

Warth v. Seldin

Holding that Article III requires plaintiffs "to establish that, in fact, the asserted injury was the consequence of the defendants' actions"

City of Boerne v. Flores

Holding that RFRA is unconstitutional in so far as it permits suits against state actors

Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp.

Holding that plaintiffs need show only that "a discriminatory purpose has been a motivating factor in the decision," because, after all, "[r]arely can it be said that a legislature or administrative body operating under a broad mandate made a decision motivated solely by a single concern, or even that a particular purpose was the ‘dominant’ or ‘primary’ one."

McMillian v. Monroe County

Holding that even though "the sheriff's jurisdiction is limited to the borders of his county," the sheriff was a state official

Section 1981 - Equal rights under the law

Granting equal rights to "make and enforce contracts" without regard to race

Section 12101 - Findings and purpose

Finding a pattern of " unnecessary discrimination and prejudice" that "costs the United States billions of dollars in unnecessary expenses resulting from dependency and nonproductivity"

Section 3604 - Discrimination in the sale or rental of housing and other prohibited practices

Requiring any "accommodation" in "rules, policies, practices, or services" to be "reasonable"

Section 3601 - Declaration of policy

Stating the FHA is intended to provide “fair housing throughout the United States”

Section 1341 - Taxes by States

Prohibiting federal judicial restraints on the collection of state taxes

Section 2000d-7 - Civil rights remedies equalization

Abrogating state immunity for claims brought under Rehabilitation Act, Title VI, and Title IX

Section 3605 - Discrimination in residential real estate-related transactions

Barring "discriminat[ion] against any person in making available such a [housing] transaction ... because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin"

Section 5301 - Congressional findings and declaration of purpose

Noting that the primary objective of the CDBG program is "the development of viable urban communities, by providing decent housing and a suitable living environment and expanding economic opportunities, principally for persons of low and moderate income"

Section 2000d-3 - Construction of provisions not to authorize administrative action with respect to employment practices except where primary objective of Federal financial assistance is to provide employment

Prohibiting government agencies and departments from commencing action "with respect to any employment practice of any employer . . . except where a primary objective of the Federal financial assistance is to provide employment"

Section 1687 - Interpretation of "program or activity"

Defining "program or activity"

Section 100.65 - Discrimination in terms, conditions and privileges and in services and facilities

Noting prohibited actions under the FHA include "[f]ailing or delaying maintenance or repairs of sale or rental dwellings because of race[]"

Section 92.1 - Overview