Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.

Holding that summary judgment is not appropriate if "the dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party"

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett

Holding that a movant's summary judgment motion should be granted "against a [nonmovant] who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial"

Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Teamsters v. United States

Holding that a plaintiff who did not apply for a position can still make prima facie showing if he can demonstrate his application for the position would have been futile

Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody

Holding that an employment policy cannot stand if another policy, "without a similarly undesirable racial effect, would also serve the employer's legitimate interest"

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena

Holding race-based affirmative action subject to strict judicial scrutiny, and noting that, “to the extent (if any) that Fullilove held federal racial classifications to be subject to a less rigorous standard, it is no longer controlling”

Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County Jail

Holding that a consent decree may properly be modified in the face of "changed factual conditions"

Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio

Holding causation was not demonstrated because plaintiffs had not disproved the possibility that the overrepresentation of minority workers in lower-paying cannery positions was caused by the company's contract with a predominantly non-White labor union

United States v. Virginia

Holding unconstitutional the Virginia Military Institute's male-only admissions policy

Grutter v. Bollinger

Holding that a race-sensitive admissions program was narrowly tailored because the consideration of race was merely one factor in the decision-making process and individualized consideration was given to each applicant

Rule 56 - Summary Judgment

Holding a party may move for summary judgment on any part of any claim or defense in the lawsuit

Section 2000e-2 - Unlawful employment practices

Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”

Section 151B:4 - Unlawful practices

Prohibiting discrimination because of "sex, ... sexual orientation," etc.

Section 31:21 - Educational and physical requirements; eligibility based on sex

Section 31:58 - Municipal police officers and firefighters; qualification

Requiring firefighters to be over 19 years of age