Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA

Holding that the Rule 9(b) pleading standards apply to California CLRA, FAL, and UCL claims because, though fraud is not an essential element of those statutes, a plaintiff alleges a fraudulent course of conduct as the basis of those claims

Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara

Holding that plaintiff's allegations that a coroner's knowingly or recklessly false statements led to his arrest and prosecution were sufficient to state a § 1983 claim

Branch v. Tunnell

Holding that plaintiffs "`must state in their complaint nonconclusory allegations setting forth evidence of unlawful intent. The allegations of facts must be specific and concrete enough to enable the defendants to prepare a response, and where appropriate, a motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity.'"

In re Glenfed, Inc. Securities Litigation

Holding that plaintiffs may not "merely proclaim in the most conclusory of fashion that the defendants made false statements."

Moore v. Kayport Package Exp., Inc.

Holding that a complaint did not satisfy Rule 9(b) because it "d[id] not specify which plaintiff received which prospectus, or which plaintiff made purchases through the stockbroker defendants"

Ronconi v. Larkin

Holding that complaint did not sufficiently plead falsity where it alleged that defendant made false statements about earnings and sales expectations and that defendant stated that plan to cut jobs and costs was “on track,” but complaint did not allege facts showing that defendant knew at the time that the predictions were inaccurate

Ackerman v. Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co.

Holding that Rule 9(b) "requires the plaintiff to conduct a precomplaint investigation in sufficient depth to assure that the charge of fraud is responsible and supported, rather than defamatory and extortionate"

Rubke v. Capitol Bancorp Ltd.

Holding that allegations of motive and opportunity were not enough to create a strong inference of scienter

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 820.2 - Immunity

Establishing immunity for discretionary acts

Section 1090 - Financial interest in contract made in official capacity; purchaser at sale made in official capacity

Prohibiting public employees and officers from being "financially interested in any contract made by them in their official capacity, or by any body or board of which they are members"

Section 821.2 - Issuance, denial, suspension, revocation of permit, license, etc.

Pertaining to the issuance or denial of licenses

Section 1090.1 - Commission for placement of insurance on behalf of state