Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes

Holding in Rule 23 context that “[w]ithout some glue holding the alleged reasons for all those decisions together, it will be impossible to say that examination of all the class members' claims for relief will produce a common answer”

Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan

Holding limitations period for hostile-work-environment claim runs from the last act composing the claim

Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.

Holding that a plaintiff seeking to bring suit under a federal statute must show not only that he has standing under Article III, but also that his "complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law" invoked

Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org.

Holding plaintiffs who sued IRS lacked standing where they hoped reversal of IRS rule would " ‘discourage’ hospitals from denying their services to" plaintiffs, but whether hospitals had denied services based on the existing rule remained unclear and, even if the rule were reversed, hospitals would remain free to not provide services to plaintiffs

Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman

Holding that an allegation in the complaint that the plaintiff organization "has had to devote significant resources to identify and counteract the defendant's" illegal practices was sufficient to confer standing to the organization in its own right at the pleading stage

Brooks v. Ross

Holding that a claim is plausible if the facts alleged raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will yield evidence supporting the allegations

Thompson v. N. Am. Stainless

Holding that "third-party reprisals" can amount in some circumstances to retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq .

Smith v. City of Jackson

Holding that "when Congress uses the same language in two statutes having similar purposes, particularly when one is enacted shortly after the other, it is appropriate to presume that Congress intended that text to have the same meaning in both statutes."

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 623 - Prohibition of age discrimination

Holding that under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against individuals who are at least forty years of age

Section 701 - Findings; purpose; policy

Finding that "disability ... in no way diminishes the right of individuals" to "enjoy full inclusion and integration" in the "mainstream of American society"

Section 3604 - Discrimination in the sale or rental of housing and other prohibited practices

Requiring any "accommodation" in "rules, policies, practices, or services" to be "reasonable"

Section 3601 - Declaration of policy

Stating the FHA is intended to provide “fair housing throughout the United States”

Section 3613 - Enforcement by private persons

Granting right to sue in state or federal court

Section 3605 - Discrimination in residential real estate-related transactions

Barring "discriminat[ion] against any person in making available such a [housing] transaction ... because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin"

Section 3614 - Enforcement by Attorney General

Allowing courts to impose a fine of up to $75,000, as adjusted for inflation by 28 C.F.R. § 85.3(b)

Section 35 ILCS 200/1-1 - Short title