Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA

Holding that the Rule 9(b) pleading standards apply to California CLRA, FAL, and UCL claims because, though fraud is not an essential element of those statutes, a plaintiff alleges a fraudulent course of conduct as the basis of those claims

Cafasso v. General Dynamics C4 Systems

Holding a complaint failed to satisfy Rule 9(b) where the allegations were lacking in detail

Kearns v. Ford Motor Co.

Holding that circumstances constituting fraud must be stated with particularity

Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co.

Holding that for an act to be "unfair," it must "threaten" a violation of law or "violate the policy or spirit of one of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation of the law"

Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.

Holding that plaintiff cannot recover damages under Cal. Bus. Prof. Code § 17200 unless plaintiff has "an ownership interest in the money it seeks to recover"

Mazza v. American Honda Motor Co.

Holding at the motion for class certification stage that "[t]o the extent that class members were relieved of their money by Honda's deceptive conduct—as plaintiffs allege—they have suffered an injury in fact" for purposes of Article III standing

In re Glenfed, Inc. Securities Litigation

Holding that plaintiffs may not "merely proclaim in the most conclusory of fashion that the defendants made false statements."

Etoll, Inc. v. Elias/Savion Advertising, Inc.

Holding plaintiff's fraud claims were barred by gist of the action doctrine because the acts "arose in the course of the parties' contractual relationship" and "the fraud claims [were] inextricably intertwined with the contract claims"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Rule 201 - Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."

Section 17200 - Unfair competition defined

Prohibiting unlawful business practices

Section 349 - Deceptive acts and practices unlawful

Granting "any person who has been injured by reason of any violation of this section" the right to "bring an action in his own name"

Section 1750 - Title of act

Section 17.50 - Relief for Consumers

Recognizing that a deceptive trade practice claim may consist of a breach of an implied warranty

Section 93A:2 - Unfair practices; legislative intent; rules and regulations

Granting Massachusetts attorney general the authority to make rules and regulations interpreting section 2

Section 56:8-2 - Fraud, etc., in connection with sale or advertisement of merchandise or real estate as unlawful practice

Prohibiting "any unconscionable commercial practice, deception, fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or the knowing concealment, suppression, or omission of any material fact"