McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

Holding in employment discrimination case that statistical evidence of employer's general policy and practice may be relevant circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent behind individual employment decision

Kentucky v. Graham

Holding that "an official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity," and that "a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself"

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins

Holding that an employer discriminated on the basis of sex when he "act[ed] on the basis of a belief that a woman cannot be aggressive, or that she must not be"

Edelman v. Jordan

Holding that waiver may be found in "express language" or by "overwhelming implications from the text"

Delaware State College v. Ricks

Holding a claim began to accrue when a board made the final decision to deny tenure, not after the subsequent grievance procedure to the same board

Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody

Holding that an employment policy cannot stand if another policy, "without a similarly undesirable racial effect, would also serve the employer's legitimate interest"

United States v. Virginia

Holding unconstitutional the Virginia Military Institute's male-only admissions policy

Bell v. Hood

Holding that an asserted federal claim triggers federal question jurisdiction unless the claim "clearly appears to be immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction or where such a claim is wholly insubstantial and frivolous"

Swann v. Board of Education

Finding that "[o]nce a right and a violation have been shown, the scope of a district court's equitable powers to remedy past wrongs is broad, for breadth and flexibility are inherent in equitable remedies"

Pollard v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co.

Holding that front pay is an equitable remedy

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 59 - New Trial; Altering or Amending a Judgment

Providing that a motion to alter or amend judgment must be filed within 28 days after entry of judgment

Rule 801 - Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay

Holding that such a statement must merely be made by the party and offered against that party

Section 621 - Congressional statement of findings and purpose

Finding that "older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs"

Rule 50 - Judgment as a Matter of Law in a Jury Trial; Related Motion for a New Trial; Conditional Ruling

Allowing "renewed motion"

Section 623 - Prohibition of age discrimination

Holding that under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against individuals who are at least forty years of age

Section Amendment XI - Suits Against States

Granting states immunity from cases "against one of the United States"

Section 1928 - Rule of strict and liberal construction

Stating that penal statutes must be "strictly construed"

Section 260.2a - Definitions

Defining employer to include "every person, firm, partnership, association, corporation...and any agent or officer of any of the above-mentioned classes employing any person in this Commonwealth"

Section 260.3 - Regular payday