Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Los Angeles v. Lyons

Holding there is no justiciable controversy where plaintiff had once been subjected to a chokehold

Texas v. United States

Holding that a claim that "rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all" is not ripe for adjudication

Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner

Holding that plaintiffs subject to a regulation had standing to challenge it even though the Attorney General had yet to "authorize criminal and seizure actions for violations of the statute"

Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman

Holding that an allegation in the complaint that the plaintiff organization "has had to devote significant resources to identify and counteract the defendant's" illegal practices was sufficient to confer standing to the organization in its own right at the pleading stage

Sierra Club v. Morton

Holding that plaintiff-organization did not establish Article III standing for injunctive relief where the organization failed to show that its members would be affected by the actions it sought to enjoin

Thomas v. Union Carbide Agric. Products Co.

Holding that a challenge to a statutory system of arbitration was ripe because the plaintiffs' "injury [was] not a function of whether the [arbitration] tribunal awards reasonable compensation but of the tribunal's authority to adjudicate the dispute"

Hines v. Davidowitz

Holding that the Alien Registration Act of 1940 preempted Pennsylvania's alien registration requirements

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Rule 801 - Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay

Holding that such a statement must merely be made by the party and offered against that party

Section 1325 - Improper entry by alien

Penalizing improper entry into U.S. by virtue of willful false statement of material fact

Section 1103 - Powers and duties of the Secretary, the Under Secretary, and the Attorney General

Granting the Attorney General power to "establish such regulations" and "review . . . administrative determinations in immigration proceedings"

Section 1357 - Powers of immigration officers and employees

Granting immigration enforcement authority to state or local government officials in a formal agreement with a state or local government.

Section 11135 - Prohibited; protections and prohibitions of Americans with Disabilities Act

Barring disability discrimination in state-funded programs

Section 4000 - Use of common jails

Providing that the county sheriff operates the county jail

Section 262.1 - Execution of process and orders regular on face and issued by competent authority justified

Section 287.7 - Detainer provisions under section 287(d)(3) of the Act

Stating that detainers serve "the purpose of arresting and removing the alien"

Section 98010 - Definitions. [Renumbered]

Section 98101 - Discriminatory Practices Applicable to All Persons. [Renumbered]