Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Landgraf v. USI Film Prods.

Holding that a statute may apply retroactively when "clear congressional intent favor such a result"

Associated General Contractors v. Carpenters

Holding that a union lacked standing to sue for injuries passed on to it by intermediaries

Owens v. Okure

Holding that state law statute of limitations applies to § 1983 claims

Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept

Holding that a cognizable gender discrimination claim could be brought by a female domestic violence victim where the victim alleged police denied protection and made misogynistic comments including that "he did not blame [the victim's] husband for hitting her, because of the way she was 'carrying on'"

In re Tobacco II Cases

Holding class representatives had standing to challenge common marketing of cigarettes despite differences in the advertisements or statements on which class members relied

Moore v. Kayport Package Exp., Inc.

Holding that a complaint did not satisfy Rule 9(b) because it "d[id] not specify which plaintiff received which prospectus, or which plaintiff made purchases through the stockbroker defendants"

Maldonado v. Harris

Holding that a § 1983 claim accrues when plaintiff knows or has reason to know of injury

Lukovsky v. City

Holding that the statute of limitations begins to run on the date that the plaintiff's claim "accrues"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings

Finding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Section 10 - Powers Denied to the States

Prohibiting specific acts by the States

Section 1658 - Time limitations on the commencement of civil actions arising under Acts of Congress

Holding that the state-law tort period controls § 1983 actions

Section 9 - Powers Denied to Congress

Prohibiting Congress

Section 1589 - Forced labor

Defining "serious harm" as that which would compel a "reasonable person" to perform or continue performing labor to avoid incurring such harm

Section 9

Section 1595 - Civil remedy

Authorizing lawsuits against those who "benefit ... from participation in a [trafficking] venture"