Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.

Holding that a plaintiff seeking to bring suit under a federal statute must show not only that he has standing under Article III, but also that his "complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law" invoked

Warth v. Seldin

Holding that Article III requires plaintiffs "to establish that, in fact, the asserted injury was the consequence of the defendants' actions"

Bennett v. Spear

Holding that a Final Biological Opinion has "legal consequences," even though the action agency is not legally obligated to accept the opinion's recommendations or conclusions, because the opinion "alter the legal regime to which the action agency is subject"

Allen v. Wright

Holding that, even when plaintiffs allege "one of the most serious injuries recognized in our legal system," it's not justiciable where "the chain of causation between the challenged Government conduct and the asserted injury are far too weak for the chain as a whole to sustain respondents' standing"

Hollingsworth v. Perry

Holding that proponents of a ballot initiative who "ha[d] no role ... in the enforcement of " the initiative and were not "agents of the State" lacked standing to defend it on appeal

Nat'l Fed'n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius

Holding that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 was not a valid exercise of the Commerce Clause power after focusing solely on whether it regulated "economic activity" without discussing the remaining Morrison factors

Heckler v. Chaney

Holding that a statute did not provide meaningful standards because it did not "speak to the criteria which shall be used by the agency for investigating possible violations of the [statute]"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 56 - Summary Judgment

Holding a party may move for summary judgment on any part of any claim or defense in the lawsuit

Section 2201 - Creation of remedy

Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment

Section 701 - Application; definitions

Adopting the definition given in Section 551

Section 702 - Right of review

Granting judicial review of "agency action"

Section 162 - Trade or business expenses

Denying deductions for illegal bribes, kickbacks, etc.

Section 7421 - Prohibition of suits to restrain assessment or collection

Banning injunctions against future tax collection, subject to enumerated exceptions

Section 6702 - Frivolous tax submissions

Stating that a submission is frivolous if it "reflects a desire to delay or impede the administration of Federal tax laws"

Section 6671 - Rules for application of assessable penalties

Holding that § 6502's reference to "tax" includes penalties and liabilities.

Section 6011 - General requirement of return, statement, or list

Indicating that taxpayers shall make returns "according to the forms and regulations prescribed by the Secretary"

Section 1.6011-4 - Requirement of statement disclosing participation in certain transactions by taxpayers