Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.

Holding that a plaintiff seeking to bring suit under a federal statute must show not only that he has standing under Article III, but also that his "complaint fall within the zone of interests protected by the law" invoked

Los Angeles v. Lyons

Holding there is no justiciable controversy where plaintiff had once been subjected to a chokehold

Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept

Holding that a cognizable gender discrimination claim could be brought by a female domestic violence victim where the victim alleged police denied protection and made misogynistic comments including that "he did not blame [the victim's] husband for hitting her, because of the way she was 'carrying on'"

Mayer v. Belichick

Holding we must only consider documents if complainant's claims are based upon these documents

Kearns v. Ford Motor Co.

Holding that circumstances constituting fraud must be stated with particularity

Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co.

Holding that for an act to be "unfair," it must "threaten" a violation of law or "violate the policy or spirit of one of those laws because its effects are comparable to or the same as a violation of the law"

Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc.

Holding that the plaintiff's admittedly "opaque" allegations of discriminatory retaliation were sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss

Cook, Perkiss Liehe v. N.C. Collection Serv

Holding that an advertisement that "impl[ies] lower rates and better services than those of a competitor . . . constitutes puffery and is not actionable as false advertising"

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Permitting "[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind [to] be alleged generally"

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Section 17200 - Unfair competition defined

Prohibiting unlawful business practices

Section 1125 - False designations of origin, false descriptions, and dilution forbidden

Holding "the person who asserts trade dress protection has the burden of proving that the matter sought to be protected is not functional"

Section 349 - Deceptive acts and practices unlawful

Granting "any person who has been injured by reason of any violation of this section" the right to "bring an action in his own name"

Section 1127 - Construction and definitions; intent of chapter

Granting standing under § 1114 to the legal representative of the registrant of a trademark

Section 1750 - Title of act

Section 17500 - Untrue or misleading advertising

Requiring action that originated in California to effect consumers in another state

Section 42-110b-18 - Misleading advertising