69 Cited authorities

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes
564 U.S. 338 (2011) Cited 6,691 times 505 Legal Analyses
Holding in Rule 23 context that “[w]ithout some glue holding the alleged reasons for all those decisions together, it will be impossible to say that examination of all the class members' claims for relief will produce a common answer”
Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor
521 U.S. 591 (1997) Cited 6,995 times 69 Legal Analyses
Holding that courts are "bound to enforce" Rule 23's certification requirements, even where it means decertifying a class after they had reached a settlement agreement and submitted it to the court for approval
Comcast Corp. v. Behrend
569 U.S. 27 (2013) Cited 2,253 times 233 Legal Analyses
Holding that at the class certification stage, "any model supporting a plaintiff's damages case must be consistent with its liability case"
Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon
457 U.S. 147 (1982) Cited 5,700 times 33 Legal Analyses
Holding that named plaintiff must prove “much more than the validity of his own claim”; the individual plaintiff must show that “the individual's claim and the class claims will share common questions of law or fact and that the individual's claim will be typical of the class claims,” explicitly referencing the “commonality” and “typicality” requirements of Rule 23
Teamsters v. United States
431 U.S. 324 (1977) Cited 4,611 times 27 Legal Analyses
Holding that a plaintiff who did not apply for a position can still make prima facie showing if he can demonstrate his application for the position would have been futile
Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc.
573 U.S. 258 (2014) Cited 605 times 90 Legal Analyses
Holding that defendants may seek to rebut the Basic presumption at the class certification stage through evidence that the misrepresentation had no price impact
Personnel Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney
442 U.S. 256 (1979) Cited 2,074 times 1 Legal Analyses
Holding that the Equal Protection Clause is implicated only when "a state legislatur[e] selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part `because of,' not merely `in spite of,' its adverse effects upon an identifiable group"
Watson v. Fort Worth Bank Tr.
487 U.S. 977 (1988) Cited 1,379 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"
Smith v. City of Jackson
544 U.S. 228 (2005) Cited 655 times 57 Legal Analyses
Holding that "when Congress uses the same language in two statutes having similar purposes, particularly when one is enacted shortly after the other, it is appropriate to presume that Congress intended that text to have the same meaning in both statutes."
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
490 U.S. 642 (1989) Cited 980 times 20 Legal Analyses
Holding causation was not demonstrated because plaintiffs had not disproved the possibility that the overrepresentation of minority workers in lower-paying cannery positions was caused by the company's contract with a predominantly non-White labor union
Rule 23 - Class Actions
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Cited 35,160 times 1237 Legal Analyses
Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"
Section 2000e-5 - Enforcement provisions
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5 Cited 26,978 times 124 Legal Analyses
Holding charges must be made in writing, under oath, and contain all information as the Commission requires
Rule 403 - Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons
Fed. R. Evid. 403 Cited 22,694 times 81 Legal Analyses
Adopting a similar standard, but requiring the probative value to be "substantially outweighed" by these risks
Section 2072 - Rules of procedure and evidence; power to prescribe
28 U.S.C. § 2072 Cited 1,813 times 37 Legal Analyses
Granting the Supreme Court, not the parties, authority to "prescribe general rules of practice and procedure" for federal district court cases
Section 2000e-8 - Investigations
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8 Cited 392 times 26 Legal Analyses
Authorizing the EEOC to "enter into written agreements" with state and local agencies to promote "effective enforcement" of the Act

Chen-Oster et al v. Goldman, Sachs & Co. et al

69 Cited authorities

Holding in Rule 23 context that “[w]ithout some glue holding the alleged reasons for all those decisions together, it will be impossible to say that examination of all the class members' claims for relief will produce a common answer”

Holding that courts are "bound to enforce" Rule 23's certification requirements, even where it means decertifying a class after they had reached a settlement agreement and submitted it to the court for approval

Holding that at the class certification stage, "any model supporting a plaintiff's damages case must be consistent with its liability case"

Holding that a plaintiff who did not apply for a position can still make prima facie showing if he can demonstrate his application for the position would have been futile

Holding that defendants may seek to rebut the Basic presumption at the class certification stage through evidence that the misrepresentation had no price impact

Holding that the Equal Protection Clause is implicated only when "a state legislatur[e] selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part `because of,' not merely `in spite of,' its adverse effects upon an identifiable group"

Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"

Holding that "when Congress uses the same language in two statutes having similar purposes, particularly when one is enacted shortly after the other, it is appropriate to presume that Congress intended that text to have the same meaning in both statutes."

Holding causation was not demonstrated because plaintiffs had not disproved the possibility that the overrepresentation of minority workers in lower-paying cannery positions was caused by the company's contract with a predominantly non-White labor union

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Holding charges must be made in writing, under oath, and contain all information as the Commission requires

Adopting a similar standard, but requiring the probative value to be "substantially outweighed" by these risks

Granting the Supreme Court, not the parties, authority to "prescribe general rules of practice and procedure" for federal district court cases

Authorizing the EEOC to "enter into written agreements" with state and local agencies to promote "effective enforcement" of the Act