Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Co.

Holding that Erie doctrine applies to conflict-of-law rules

Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Milhollin

Holding that deference was appropriate to official staff opinions of Federal Reserve Board interpreting the Truth in Lending Act and Regulation Z, unless demonstrably irrational

Rodríguez v. Margo

Holding that "a complaint must allege 'a plausible entitlement to relief'" (quoting Bell Atlantic, 127 S. Ct. at 1967)

Freeman v. Town of Hudson

Holding that plaintiffs failed to state an Equal Protection claim when they did no "more than point to nearby parcels in a vacuum and leave it to the municipality to disprove conclusory allegations that the owners of those parcels are similarly situated"

Doyle v. Hasbro, Inc.

Holding that "[c]onclusory statements that 'Hasbro and its executives failed to meet their contractual requirement,' are insufficient to satisfy the pleading requirements"

Sovereign Bank v. Bj's Wholesale Club, Inc.

Holding that a claim was foreclosed based on an admission in the plaintiff's complaint

Buck v. American Airlines

Holding breach-of-contract claim preempted because contract did not explicitly incorporate a federal-law provision

Abraham v. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute

Affirming dismissal of action filed more than 90 days after issuance of EEOC's right-to-sue notice

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings

Finding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Section 1601 - Congressional findings and declaration of purpose

Explaining that TILA's disclosure requirements exist “so that the consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit”

Section 78u-4 - Private securities litigation

Granting courts authority to permit discovery if necessary "to preserve evidence or to prevent undue prejudice to" a party

Section 1640 - Civil liability

Holding "any creditor who fails to comply" liable, with creditors defined within § 1602(g) as persons

Section 12 - Definitions; short title

Stating that the statute only applies to an express list of federal law

Section 93A:9 - Civil actions and remedies; class action; demand for relief; damages; costs; exhausting administrative remedies

Requiring on its face that the "written demand" must "reasonably describ[e] the unfair or deceptive act or practice relied upon and the injury suffered"

Section 1666 - Correction of billing errors

Referencing TILA § 1637

Section 1644 - Fraudulent use of credit cards; penalties

Imposing criminal penalties for various offenses involving credit cards

Section 226.13 - Billing error resolution27

Defining "billing error" as in error reflected on the "periodic statement" or the "creditor's failure to mail or deliver a periodic statement to the consumer's last known address"

Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings