Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon

Holding that named plaintiff must prove “much more than the validity of his own claim”; the individual plaintiff must show that “the individual's claim and the class claims will share common questions of law or fact and that the individual's claim will be typical of the class claims,” explicitly referencing the “commonality” and “typicality” requirements of Rule 23

Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts

Holding that “the Due Process Clause of course requires that the named plaintiff at all times adequately represent the interests of the absent class members”

Healy v. the Beer Institute

Holding that a state statute violated the Commerce Clause because it had the practical effect of establishing scale of prices for use in other states

Trans-Spec Truck v. Caterpillar

Holding that filing of motion to amend eleven months after deadline established by scheduling order was unjustifiable, absent issues of estoppel

Greebel v. FTP Software, Inc.

Holding plaintiffs' failure to provide information regarding sales made by insiders at times outside the class period permitted no possibility of comparison

North American Catholic Educ. v. Cardinale

Holding that the particularity requirement applies not only to actual fraud claims but also to "associated claims where the core allegations effectively charge fraud"

United States v. AVX Corp.

Holding that intervenor who opposed consent decree could not appeal the district court's order approving the decree without satisfying Article III standing requirements

In re Lifeusa Holding Inc.

Holding that individual questions predominated over common issues in a putative class action based on multiple independent unscripted interactions

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters

Requiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Section 501.201 - Short title

Section 93A:9 - Civil actions and remedies; class action; demand for relief; damages; costs; exhausting administrative remedies

Requiring on its face that the "written demand" must "reasonably describ[e] the unfair or deceptive act or practice relied upon and the injury suffered"

Section 501.211 - Other individual remedies

Providing only for actual damages

Section 266:91 - Untrue and misleading advertisements; prohibitions

Prohibiting "untrue, deceptive or misleading" statements of fact in "an advertisement of any sort regarding merchandise, securities, service or anything so offered to the public"