35 Cited authorities

Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 271,409 times 281 Legal Analyses
Holding that courts are not required "to credit a complaint's conclusory statements without reference to its factual context"
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 284,187 times 370 Legal Analyses
Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing
Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services
436 U.S. 658 (1978) Cited 70,782 times 15 Legal Analyses
Holding that "local government ... are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Connick v. Thompson
563 U.S. 51 (2011) Cited 7,725 times 3 Legal Analyses
Holding that not even "four reversals could . . . have put Connick on notice that the office's Brady training was inadequate"
Canton v. Harris
489 U.S. 378 (1989) Cited 17,115 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that the city could be held liable for failing to train police officers in determining whether detainees needed medical care because of the likelihood that, absent proper training, the officers would default on their constitutional obligations
Wilton v. Seven Falls Co.
515 U.S. 277 (1995) Cited 4,450 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that in declaratory judgment actions, district courts have “greater” discretion to abstain than under Colorado River's “exceptional circumstances” test
Warth v. Seldin
422 U.S. 490 (1975) Cited 12,343 times 15 Legal Analyses
Holding that Article III requires plaintiffs "to establish that, in fact, the asserted injury was the consequence of the defendants' actions"
Hunt v. Washington Apple Advertising Comm'n
432 U.S. 333 (1977) Cited 4,621 times 11 Legal Analyses
Holding that North Carolina's statute banning state grading of apples was discriminatory even though six other states also had no state grading
O'Shea v. Littleton
414 U.S. 488 (1974) Cited 4,270 times 5 Legal Analyses
Holding that "[p]ast exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief ... if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects"
Patterson v. County of Oneida, N.Y
375 F.3d 206 (2d Cir. 2004) Cited 3,263 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding in a 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983 context that, “[a]lthough a single incident ordinarily will not give rise to a cognizable claim for hostile work environment, ... [where the plaintiff was subjected to] a physical assault in which [he] was punched in the ribs and ... temporarily blinded by having mace sprayed in his eyes [w]e cannot say that, as a matter of law, such an incident is not sufficiently severe, in all the circumstances, to create a hostile work environment”
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 366,511 times 968 Legal Analyses
Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading
Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 Cited 166,425 times 198 Legal Analyses
Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."
Rule 24 - Intervention
Fed. R. Civ. P. 24 Cited 9,508 times 38 Legal Analyses
Granting the right of intervention to qualifying persons "unless existing parties adequately represent" them

Battle et al v. The City of New York et al

35 Cited authorities

Holding that courts are not required "to credit a complaint's conclusory statements without reference to its factual context"

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Holding that "local government ... are 'persons'" for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Holding that not even "four reversals could . . . have put Connick on notice that the office's Brady training was inadequate"

Holding that the city could be held liable for failing to train police officers in determining whether detainees needed medical care because of the likelihood that, absent proper training, the officers would default on their constitutional obligations

Holding that in declaratory judgment actions, district courts have “greater” discretion to abstain than under Colorado River's “exceptional circumstances” test

Holding that Article III requires plaintiffs "to establish that, in fact, the asserted injury was the consequence of the defendants' actions"

Holding that North Carolina's statute banning state grading of apples was discriminatory even though six other states also had no state grading

Holding that "[p]ast exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief ... if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects"

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Granting the right of intervention to qualifying persons "unless existing parties adequately represent" them