99 Cited authorities

Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 252,626 times 279 Legal Analyses
Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly
550 U.S. 544 (2007) Cited 266,542 times 365 Legal Analyses
Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "
Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A.
534 U.S. 506 (2002) Cited 16,761 times 20 Legal Analyses
Holding with regard to a 67-year-old plaintiff and a 59-year-old comparator that " difference of eight years between the age of the person discharged and his replacement . . . is not insignificant"
Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife
504 U.S. 555 (1992) Cited 27,829 times 138 Legal Analyses
Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"
Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police
491 U.S. 58 (1989) Cited 24,127 times
Holding that official capacity state officer suits for prospective injunctive relief are suits against a "person" under § 1983 even though a "State" is not a "person" under that statute
Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
544 U.S. 280 (2005) Cited 8,010 times 5 Legal Analyses
Holding that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars "cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments"
Kentucky v. Graham
473 U.S. 159 (1985) Cited 19,205 times 1 Legal Analyses
Holding that "an official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity," and that "a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself"
County of Sacramento v. Lewis
523 U.S. 833 (1998) Cited 8,700 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that "only a purpose to cause harm unrelated to the legitimate object of arrest will satisfy the element of arbitrary conduct shocking to the conscience, necessary for a due process violation"
Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman
465 U.S. 89 (1984) Cited 13,437 times 8 Legal Analyses
Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"
Summers v. Earth Island Inst.
555 U.S. 488 (2009) Cited 2,998 times 12 Legal Analyses
Holding that supplementation of the district court record to receive affidavits from the organization's members was not permitted "in the circumstances here: after the trial is over, judgment has been entered, and a notice of appeal has been filed"
Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights
42 U.S.C. § 1983 Cited 486,730 times 688 Legal Analyses
Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation
Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 Cited 345,805 times 922 Legal Analyses
Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
Section 1257 - State courts; certiorari
28 U.S.C. § 1257 Cited 3,603 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that a final judgment rendered by the highest state court may only be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court
Section 2000d-7 - Civil rights remedies equalization
42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7 Cited 737 times 4 Legal Analyses
Abrogating state immunity for claims brought under Rehabilitation Act, Title VI, and Title IX
Section 380.1 - Short title
Mich. Comp. Laws § 380.1 Cited 91 times 1 Legal Analyses
This act shall be known and may be cited as "the revised school code". MCL 380.1 1976, Act 451, Imd. Eff. 1/13/1977 ;--Am. 1995, Act 289, Eff. 7/1/1996.
Section 380.11a - General powers school district
Mich. Comp. Laws § 380.11a Cited 39 times 5 Legal Analyses
Permitting that the school board "may" submit a question to the electors that it "considers proper"
Section 380.1561 - Compulsory attendance at public school; enrollment dates; exceptions
Mich. Comp. Laws § 380.1561 Cited 33 times 1 Legal Analyses
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, for a child who turned age 11 before December 1, 2009 or who entered grade 6 before 2009, the child's parent, guardian, or other person in this state having control and charge of the child shall send that child to a public school during the entire school year from the age of 6 to the child's sixteenth birthday. Except as otherwise provided in this section, for a child who turns age 11 on or after December 1, 2009 or a child who was age 11 before that
Section 141.1549 - Emergency manager; appointment by governor; powers; qualifications; compensation; private funds; additional staff and assistance; quarterly reports; service; removal of local government from receivership; delegation of duties from governor to state treasurer; applicable state laws; appointment under former act; removal
Mich. Comp. Laws § 141.1549 Cited 32 times 1 Legal Analyses
(1) The governor may appoint an emergency manager to address a financial emergency within that local government as provided for in this act. (2) Upon appointment, an emergency manager shall act for and in the place and stead of the governing body and the office of chief administrative officer of the local government. The emergency manager shall have broad powers in receivership to rectify the financial emergency and to assure the fiscal accountability of the local government and the local government's
Section 380.1282 - Grades, schools, and departments; courses of study; opportunity to achieve state endorsement; special assistance
Mich. Comp. Laws § 380.1282 Cited 15 times
(1) The board of a school district shall establish and carry on the grades, schools, and departments it considers necessary or desirable for the maintenance and improvement of its schools and determine the courses of study to be pursued. (2) The board of a school district shall provide a core academic curriculum, learning processes, special assistance particularly for students with reading disorders or who have demonstrated marked difficulty in achieving success on standardized tests, and sufficient
Section 21.233 - Definitions; E to N
Mich. Comp. Laws § 21.233 Cited 14 times
(1) "Existing law" means a public or local act enacted prior to December 23, 1978, a rule promulgated prior to December 23, 1978, or a court order concerning such a public or local act or rule. A rule initially promulgated after December 22, 1978 implementing for the first time an act or amendatory act in effect prior to December 23, 1978 shall also be deemed to be existing law. (2) "Federal requirement" means a federal law, rule, regulation, executive order, guideline, standard, or other federal
Section 100.3 - Discrimination prohibited
34 C.F.R. § 100.3 Cited 84 times
Providing that Title VI applies to employment practices "to the extent necessary to assure equality of opportunity to, and nondiscriminatory treatment of, beneficiaries"

B. et al v. Snyder et al

99 Cited authorities

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Holding with regard to a 67-year-old plaintiff and a 59-year-old comparator that " difference of eight years between the age of the person discharged and his replacement . . . is not insignificant"

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Holding that official capacity state officer suits for prospective injunctive relief are suits against a "person" under § 1983 even though a "State" is not a "person" under that statute

Holding that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars "cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments"

Holding that "an official-capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity," and that "a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself"

Holding that "only a purpose to cause harm unrelated to the legitimate object of arrest will satisfy the element of arbitrary conduct shocking to the conscience, necessary for a due process violation"

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Holding that supplementation of the district court record to receive affidavits from the organization's members was not permitted "in the circumstances here: after the trial is over, judgment has been entered, and a notice of appeal has been filed"

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Holding that a final judgment rendered by the highest state court may only be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court

Abrogating state immunity for claims brought under Rehabilitation Act, Title VI, and Title IX

Permitting that the school board "may" submit a question to the electors that it "considers proper"

Providing that Title VI applies to employment practices "to the extent necessary to assure equality of opportunity to, and nondiscriminatory treatment of, beneficiaries"